Africa

Notes **p666-669** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806** (The Apartheid State and its Demise)


 * Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa**
 * Main Idea:** __African was controlled by the European before WWI and required lots of African help. The Europeans made unfulfilled promises that caused attempts of pan-African unity.In the mid 1920s there were brands of nationalism replacing pan-Africanism.__
 * __Before World War I, most of Africa was under European colonial rule and helped in the World War I.__
 * The Arab Middle East had precolonial movements and the most Western-educated Africans supporting the British and French occupiers in World War I.
 * The French and British drew African possessions for manpower and raw materials.
 * __It a toll on European colonial domination__, there were local rebellions and the disruption of newly colonized African societies. There was a decline in crops.
 * __They promised mainly nationhood, better jobs and public honors after the war for suppling soldiers. It caused social unrest.__
 * In the French colonies, there were many major strikes and riots. and limited opportunities for political organization
 * The British colonies were more tolerance for political organization.
 * Protest ensued from unfulfilled promise.
 * The protest were intensified by the Great Depression in the 1930s.
 * __There were attempts to encourage **pan-African** unity__, alarming the European powers and encouraged anti-colonial sentiments. It was challenged.
 * Leaders like **Marcus Garvey** and **W. E. D. Du Boi**s had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders.
 * __Brands of nationalism seen in other colonies by the mid-1920s caused pan-Africanism to fade.__[[image:missseniorushistory:web_dubois_1918.jpg width="242" height="319" caption="W. E. D. Du Bois major leader impacting African nationalism"]]
 * French-speaking Africa colonies concentrated there organizational and ideological efforts in Paris, like the literary movement, **negritude**.
 * Writers like Senegalese poet Leopold Sedar Senghor celebrate Africans. and away from Western civilization
 * Except for settler colonies, British territories gave more opportunities to Western-educated Africans to build political associations within Africa.
 * First African leaders sought to nurture organizations, then there was a primary concern with issues within an individual colony. There was an emphasis on colonial-specific political mobilization and the need for a mass base.
 * New leaders made more vigorous attacks on British policies in the 1930s.
 * After World War II, there was a burst of African independence.


 * Liberation of Nonsettler Africa**
 * Main Idea:** __Colonial order became more disruptive and soon there was a departure of long-standing colonial policy. By the mid-1960s, nonsettler colonies became independent like Nkurauman and the Gold Coast colony.__
 * __World War II was more disruptive to colonial order in Africa than before.__
 * Forced labor and confiscations of crops and minerals returned.
 * There was inflation from the control of markets that cut down on African earnings.
 * African servicemen/ people from war were the staunchest supports of postwar nationalist campaigns on the French and Belgians colonies.
 * In 1940s, there was a struggle between forces of the puppet Vichy regime and those of de Gaulle's Free French that continued to fight for the Nazis mainly in France's north and west African colonies.
 * __There were major departures of long-standing colonial policies that restricted industrial development due to the wartime needs of both Britain and France.__
 * There were factories for vegetable oils, foods, and minerals. it caused an migration grow and less available jobs.
 * Western-educated individuals initiated Independence movements in nonsettler Africa, two main paths.
 * __Kwame Nkrumah was a radical leader in the British Gold Coast colony.__ [[image:http://www.nndb.com/people/924/000092648/kwame-nkrumah-3.jpg width="221" height="270" caption="Kwamw Nkumah, led to the independence of British Gold Coast colony"]]
 * He established wide contacts with natinalist leaders in British and French West Africa and American civil rights leaders in late 1940s.
 * Through there was still peaceful demonstrations in the coastal cities, but after 1948 riots broke out.
 * Western-educated African leaders slowly and reluctantly organized dissident groups into a sustained mass movement.
 * Nkrumah established the **Convention Peoples Party**. Politics organized by mass rallies, boycotts, and strikes.
 * In the mid-1950s, Nkrumah had a resistant mass following. Educated African eventually took over administration of the colony.
 * In 1957 Ghana declared itself as independent with Nkrumah as prime minister.
 * __British, French, Portuguese and Belgian nonsettler colonies in Africa were independent by the mid-1960s.__
 * It was very cost for European nations to hold there colonials, military.
 * There were ongoing negations that led to reforms and political concessions.
 * Moderate African leaders retained the French economic and cultural ties.
 * The Belgians fought with the little organized nationalist movements.
 * The Portuguese held on to their impoverished and scattered colonial territories.


 * Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies**
 * Main Idea:** Settler colonies movements for withdrawal were much different from the peaceful withdrawal of nonsettler colonies. There were years of bloody fights for independence.
 * Areas like Algeria, Kenya, and Southern Rhodesia had a major number of permanently settled Europeans. There little nationalist agitation between the settlement time of 19th and early 20th century. It blocked the rise of indigenous nationalist movements and concessions of the colonial overlord part.
 * "Emigrated settlers" wanted to give political control over the African majority and grant them civil rights.
 * Settlers refused land-giving reforms by colonial administrators.
 * __African leaders turned to violent, revolutionary struggles to win there independence, after peaceful ones did not work.__
 * __//First in Kenya in the early 1950s//__, **Jomo Kenyatta** had peaceful failed nonviolent movements and the leading nationalist party, **Kenya African Union** was an underground organization from a group of more radical leaders.
 * They formed the Land Freedom Army in the early 1950s of a campaign of terror and guerrilla warfare against the opposing side. [[image:http://www.africawithin.com/bios/jomo_kenyatta.jpg caption="Jomo Kenyatta, led Kenya to its independence"]]
 * The British imprisoned Kenyatta and KAU organizers, it eliminated the nonviolent alternative to the guerrillas.
 * Rebel movement was defeated by military by 1956. Kenyatta was released and created a stable ruling.
 * Multiracial Kenya had won its independence by 1963.
 * __//There was a longer struggle for independence in Algeria//__ with the Arab and Berber peoples.
 * Algeria was integrated into part of France. After World War II, riots grew into sustained guerrilla resistance.
 * The National Liberation Front mobilized a majority of the Arab and Berber to have a full-scale revolt against the French
 * Algerian struggle was prolonged and brutalized by a violent settler backlash. The **Secret Army Organization** directed against anyone who favored the independence for the colony after 1960. They were able to topple the Paris government.
 * In 1962, The Algerians won their independence.
 * Many people immigrated after the independence, there is a substantial Algerian population in France.


 * The Persistence of White South Africa**
 * Main Idea:** __Only South Africa stayed a white minority after 1980 and led to the practice of apartheid.__
 * __The White minority managed to miantain power in only South Africa after 1980.__
 * South Africa's white population was roughly equally divided between the Dutch descended Afrikaners and more English speaker, was larger than any other settler societies.
 * The Afrikaners of South Africa had no European homeland like Kenya and Algeria.
 * They had ideas of white racist supremacy, it was grounded in biblical quotations and celebration of historical struggles.
 * The defeat by the British in the Boer War from 1899 to 1902 contributed to the white settler minority to stay dominant.
 * There was a sense of guilt from death of 'concentration camps". It led to victors to make major decisions of Afrikaners.
 * Internal political control of the black African majority was by the Afrikaners. Blacks were subjugated.
 * //__In the 1930s and 1940s, there was the **Afrikaner National party**__//. From 1948 it was the major legislation. It major goals were independence from Britain and to establish a lasting white domination over political, social, and economic life of the new nation.
 * __**Apartheid**, a rigid system of racial segregation, upheld by thousands of law and a brutal police force after 1948.__
 * Whites were given the best jobs. Colored people were denied to right to vote and have political representation.
 * Black Africans had very limited opportunities for higher education.

Wrong order Algerian Imdependence, 1954 || Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella National liberation front more involved. || Government failures || De gualles in 1958 have the choice. PSD || Tsiranana in April 27, 1959. || diverse in people and relgious. || Mainly aricultural, and diamonds and oil. || Holden Alvaro Roberto Three main movements : MPLA, UNITA, and and other. China is || Nationalist movements develop. guerrilla war It took power of the Angola, republic. Three branch government, || Last to be independence. Soviet Union || Kwane Nkrumah welfare system, provide money for the families. || There was radical discrimation WWI. Convention Peoples Party 1949 They have a lot of finicial add. It's not completely independeny. IMF (United States) The African states are used for ||  || Dictorship. Beglium losed money. 1908 obvious to his corruption and exposed. || Leopold II and Kabila __** Patrice Lumumba **__ was assianated. ||  ||   || Junta || major diamonds and oil. Thre is corruption. Low literary ||  || Shaka Zulu power Zulu leader Alfred Milner Jan Smuts Prime Minster complete a segreation abonment Nelson Mandela Paul Kruger Gandhi Ibeki "May 31, 1910" gain independence. Complete independence of 1934 Indepdence of white dominance in 1994. Others were able to Anglo-Boer Wars Madagascar
 * The Apartheid State and its Demise**
 * Main Idea:** __South Africa practiced apartheid, but much of the Africans thought it was unfair and pushed for a change. With leaders, like Mandela, South Africa became a new multiracial nation.__
 * __The majority of the African population of South Africa remained under the rule of the county's European-ancestry population by the 1970s.__
 * With the victory in election if their Nationalist Party in 1948, the Afrikaner secured their domination.
 * There were many systems of laws that were used to create apartheid. All aspects of living were segregated.
 * Special **homeland**s were formed from the main "tribal" group, for the whites had the richest and most productive land. (Spatial separation)
 * The overpopulated homelands were left for the cheap labor of the white industry and agriculture.
 * __A brutal regime enforced the systems.__
 * All forms of **African National Congress** were declared illegal. Leaders **Walter Sisulu**, **Nelson Mandela**, and **Steve Biko** were imprisoned, tortured, or killed.
 * In the 1960s, African turned to guerrilla resistance without quick success.
 * The State began to crack down on internal and external economic and political pressures by the 1980s.
 * **F. W. de Klerk** led moderate Afrikaners to dismantle apartheid.
 * Nelson Mandela's, African National Congress leader, release in 1990s led to the end of the old order.
 * In 1994, all South Africans voted for a new government to build a new multiracial nation with equal opportunities for all its citizens.[[image:http://www.writespirit.net/authors/nelson_mandela/mandela_pic width="231" height="303" caption="Nelson Mandela, leader for equality in South Africa"]]
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || 1962 || from French || Captured in 1830, 20th century
 * Belgian Congo || 1960 || 1918 French was colonized. Had citizenship. || 1950 two main parties.
 * Angola || 1975 || Portugal: Agriculture society, the government took advance of cotton.
 * Ghana || mar 6, 1957 || Mostly peaceful and || SuhAfrica were the first to gain
 * Congo || June 30, 1960 || Two main independence: Free state and establishment of independence.
 * Kenya ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Guinea || 1952 || Ginea was undeenegal || Toure, diplomatic relations coup a eta.
 * South Africa ||

__**Summary of African Independence**__: Much of the The African nations gained their independence between mostly the 1950s and 60s from western Europeans, mainly the French and British, Portuguese and Belgium. The Europeans often colonized Africa for its resources and trading. The people of these nations were treated very poorly/lived poorly by its colonial rulers. As time went on there were national movements like the popular movement in Algeria geared towards independence. These movements were first peaceful, but later turned violent when demands were not meet. The secret Mau Mau society in Kenya rose and raged on guerrilla war (in 1963). In Algeria, it was ruled by the French and the people rebelled in 1954 in the National liberation Front. Algerians won their independence in 1962. The Belgian Congo was ruled by the abusive king Leopold II, they gain their independence in 1960. (It is important to know the death of Prime Minister Lumumba assassination) Angola was the first agriculture colony of the Portuguese (Angola was the last, African nation to gain independence in 1975. The Africans in Ghana were discriminated and revolted, (in 1957). Guinea was relased as a Senegal in 1891, but it was not until 1958 where it declared itself and independent state. Madagascar was conquered my the French but in 1960 gained independence. South Africa was independence in 1910, but it was not till 1994, where much of the African population was independent from the white minority rule. Many nations still have very corrupt political systems (of often republic) and low GDPs. Many nations are poor, they have agriculture success but have a low economical stand point. African nations have remained very poor and often receiving international aid from the IFM (America). Now a days, many other countries are going into Africa to collect raw materials like diamonds and oil. Other countries are not colonizing the African nations but these countries are taking control of African nations like Ghana.