Chinggis+Khan+to+Timur

Chinggis Khan ESPIRIT __** ﻿ E: Main Idea: The Mongols were nomdic herders and helped other nations benefit in profit.**__ __They were nomadic herders with goats and sheep__. They drove from one pasture to another according to the season Traded with sedentary farming people for grass and vegetable. Stable foods were meat ad milk products. Trade hide and leather and got jewelry War/ Military based. Trade improved with lands of the farther west. Trade routes were secured for prosperous merchants and wealthy, cosmopolitan cities. __Russian towns had profit from Mongolian increasing trade links, especially Moscow__. (After 1328, Moscow profited from tribute collectors) When Moscow grow in strength, the Golden Horde declined in power.

War was essential to life, people also rode tough little ponies to round up herds and hunted wild animals. Boys and Girls were encouraged to ride horses as soon as they could walk. Warriors rode all days on ends. (Sleeping and Eating) Similar to early Arabs, Mongols depended on tribes divided into kin-related clans herding together on a regular basis. Held together for months or even years. Women had influence in the home and tribal councils There was personal ties in military disciplines Russian peasantry became serf-like with the crops and labor taken by Mongol overlords and protected. The Christians in Europe were happy with the persecution of the Muslims overlords by the Mongols. (they were seen as a **Prester John**) Weak leaders were terminated and strong lived on. Traitor were put into slavery or slaughtered
 * __S: Main Idea: Social life revolved around seperate kin-related clan, however, over time, they united under the rule if chinggis Khan and became a warrior culture.__**
 * __Q: What were the similarites and differences between the development of the Mongols and early Arabs?__**

__**P: Leaders were elected by free men, leaders like Chinggis. He wanted to benefit the lives of their people.**__ Early 12th century Leaders were elected by the free men of the group Men dominated leadership positions. Difference tribes would united alliances to prepare for raids. Depended on a strong leader, they would quickly build a large tribe from other clans. Temujin won other his allies and clan chiefs become their leader. Mongols forces were divided into armies called **tumens**, each with 10,000 warriors, were further divided into small groups. Leaders of these tumen would train, arm, and discipline these cavalrymen. (1182 Chinggis was captured) In 1206 at a Kuriltai (Meeting of Mongol chiefdom), **Temujin** renamed Chinggis Khan was elected **kahgan**, (supreme ruler) Buttressed in formal code, there was harsh disciplines brought punishments and rewards for conduct. Created network of spies and informers to map areas. They adopted the policy of terrifying retribution, sparing the lives of scholars but townspeople were slaughtered or slaves nd were required to pay tribute. Chinggis set standards for life open to new ideas with diverse people. Established **Karakorum** the new capital, hiring talented individuals for the region. Administrative framework that were influenced by Muslim and Chinese bureaucrats. A Mongolian script facilitated records keeping and standardization of laws. After Chinggis' death the Mongolian empire was divided into four: with three of his son and his grandson, **Batu**. His third son **Ogedei** was elected grand khan: crafty diplomat and deft manipulator. The Golden Horde made up one of the four **khanates**, under the rule of Batu. Russian princes were forced be vassals of the Golden Horde Khan and had to pay tributes. The Mongols lead Russia to change in military organization and tactics and political style. Russian despotism either tsarist or Stalinist. They helped Russian Princes to be centralized control and reduce limitations of landed nobility, clergy, and wealthy merchants. The Islamic empire had no central power, it weaken.

__**I: Main Idea: The Mongols were conquer much territory and nations like Russia and China.**__ It created a network between countries like the Middle East, India and Europe to China They were threaten by external enemies and prepared raids on other nomads or invasions of sedentary areas. From 4th to 10th century, early Mongolian people had regional kingdoms in north China. Kabul Khan led Mongol alliance to a glory by defeating a Qin army. When he died, the became divided and beaten. (Chinggis) Temujin father, was a one tribe leaders that was poisoned and died. Temujin was taken prisoner in 1182. He and his people joined a more powerful chiefdom and with the support of the leader, Temujin raided camps for revenge. He united these tribes. In the 13th century, Khan's armies rode east and west in search for plunders and conquest. __In 1207, Khan set out a full out ambition to conquer__: First, Tangut kingdom of Xi Xia and China, then the Jin empire. These were large cities with mon nomadic people. Then the Mongols moved westwards to the Kara Khitai Empire, annexing then in 1219, then to the Khwarazm Empire lead by Muhammad Shah. By his death in 1227 he was injured and fell grievously ill, the Mongols stretched from eastern Persia to the North China Sea. Ogedei proceeded further Mongolian conquest and campaigns for about a decade, places like Russia, eastern Europe, Islamic heartlands, and China. __Russia and Europe invasion known as the **Golden Horde**.__ Georgians were defeated in the early 1220s. __Russia (it was weak and divided) was first invaded in 1236 to lead to western Europe__. From 1237-8 and 1240, these Tartars were successful in a winter invasion, conquered one after another Russian cities. Resisting cities were razed and Keiv was ravaged and taken in 1240. Novgorod was spared, their prince peaceful, temporarily submitted. The Russians had a bad idea of the Mongols calling them locusts. The mongols were dominant over Russia for two and half centuries. They were protected from powerful Christians lands, they was isolated from development like the renaissance. The defeated the Golden Horde in the **Battle of Kulikova** blow the Timur's attacks. The assaults on Christian showed that Mongols were not a Prester John. The Mongols moved westwards to Hungary with King Bela in 1240 and then into German, King Henry of silesia. Victories lead to raids and pillages of the Adriatic Sea regions, Poland and German states. After the death of khagan Ogedei, the golden horde forces ended. (Sarai to Volgi river) __The Mongols conquest later struck northern to Muslim emperor such as Mesopotamia and north Africa. It was lead by Hulegu.__ (Another grandson of Chinggis Khan.) Baghdad was destructed in 1258 and 800,000 people were reported to be killed and also an Abbasid caliph. It devastated Islamic civilization In 1260, the armies of Murluk (Salves Egypt) and Baribars (The Egyptian enslaved by Mongols.) cross unopposed throught much -diminished crusader territories in Palastine. Hulegu faced threats for other ruler (Like his cousin __Berke__) from the conversion of Khan of the golden Horde and the campaign did not resume.

Chinggis personal follow shamantic (nature spirits and ancestors) He allowed religious tolerance throughout his empire. Orthodox church and Moscow benefited from Mongolian religious toleration. Mongolian religious tolerance posed a threaten to Christendom. The Islamic religion declined.
 * __R: Main Idea: Chinggis allowed for religious tolerance and threatened other religions.__**

__**I: Main Idea:**__ Mongol cavalry princer, enemy forces. Handicrafts production and scholarship flourished and artistic creativity for free expression. With chinese artisans and military commanders devised battering rams, catapults hurled rocks and explosive balls and bamboo rockets. Muslim engineers it build siege weapons.

Khan consulted with Confucian scholar about how to rule China.

Made hides and dairy products for jewelry, weapon, and clothes in urban cities. Dressed in sheepskins, boots from tanned sheep hides, and lived in felt tents of wool shear. __Variety of weapons__ such as lances, hatchets, an iron maces. Arrows with accuracy. Warriors were metal armor, leather helmets and body covering. Armies used flags and special signal fires. Chinggis created a messenger force, to carry urgent messanges between khagans and commanders. Later gunpowder projectiles, flaming/ exploding arrows, and bronze cannons.
 * __T: Main Idea: Technology was mostly made to increase war efforts and was influenced by scholars of the invaded nations.__**

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 * E-pad group Main Ideas and Questions**

__**Yuan Dynasty Notes**__

**The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History**

__Main Idea__: In the mid-13th century, the Mongols continued to conquer China. The superior Mongols retained a social separateness and distinct culture.

__3 Points__


 * **Kubilai Khan**, great khan was in was later in control of the campaigns against the well-fortified empires in south China called the **Yuan**.
 * [[image:http://www.h-net.org/~fisher/hst373/KublaiKhan.JPG caption="Kubilai Khan, the great khan of the Yuan Empire"]]
 * There was a fine distinction law between the Mongols and Chinese in religious ceremonies and customs.Kubilai was fascinated with Chinese civilization. His court was influenced in Chinese ritual and classical music. **Tatu** was Chinese style.
 * A new social structure formed in China with the Mongols at the top and their central Asian nomadic and Muslim allies right below them. They were in the highest levels of the bureaucracy. Beneath them came the north Chinese and then the ethnic Chinese and the minorities of the south.

**Gender Roles and the Convergence of the Mongol and Chinese Culture**

__Main Idea__: Mongol women remained remote from Chinese Confucius culture.

__3 points__


 * They refused to bind their feet and retained their rights for property, travel, and household control.
 * Some women would hunt and even go into war.
 * **Chabi**, wife of Kubilai was most influential of Mongolian women. (Examples of it on 316-7)

**Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influences**

__Main Idea__: The Mongols were tolerant in religion and were influenced from many other lands like the Muslims.

__3 points__


 * Chinggis Khan and other Mongolian overlords had lots of curiosity in scholars, artists, artisans, and office-seekers from other lands. (Muslims of Persians and Turks)
 * Kubilai welcomed travelers and emissaries from many foreign lands to his court. Travelers like Venetian **Marco Polo**.
 * Kubilai like his grandfather allowed for religious tolerance: In his court there were Buddhists, Nestorian, Christians, Daoists, and Latin Christians.

**Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance**

__Main Idea__: Kubilai was disliked by the Chinese ethnics, but life for many people of the former low status class became highly appraised and liked.

__3 points__


 * The vast majority of his subjects, the Chinese ethnics in the south were never reconciled to Mongol rule. Chinese bureaucrats, scholar-gentry saw the Mongols overlord and his successors as uncouth barbarians, endangering Chinese traditions. (Refusal of the examination less Confucian, favor of the Mongols)
 * Kubilai bolster the often lowly though artisan and merchants class, improving transportation and expand for paper money. They developed a substantial navy, increasing commerce.
 * Urban life flourished, like popularentertainment and musical dramas. People of the mean class achieved celebrity and social esteems.
 * Kubilai Khan pursued better policies for the peasantry.


 * The Fall of the House of Yuan**

__Main Idea__: The dynasty weakened and started to fall and a regional leader emerged, **Ju Yuanzhang** to form the **Ming Dynasty.**

__3 points__:


 * By the end of his reign the dynasty was weaken: Song loyalists started to rebel, The Japan was defeated by the Japan in 1274 and 1280 and by Vietnam and Java.
 * Successors of Kubilai lacked the capacity of leadership and care for tedious day-to-day administrative tasks. The peasantry wanted the scholar-gentry class to drive out the "barbarians".
 * By the 1350's, the dynasty was too weak to control from banditry and piracy, famine, and secret societies to overthrow the dynasty (White Lotus Society).


 * Aftershock: the Brief Ride of Timur**

__Main Idea__: After the Mongols, the invading Turks and Timur-i Lang conquered lands of Asia and Europe with less development as them.

__3 points__:


 * After the first invasions by the Mongols in Europe and Asia a second invasion by the Turks lead by **Timur-i Lang**.[[image:http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1916/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1916-1572.jpg caption="The Turkish leader, Timur-i Lang (Also known as Tamerlane)"]]
 * He was from a noble land-owning clan, highly cultured, but he was a ruthless conqueror, very ferocious (even more than the Mongols) campaigns. 1360s, he and his armies conquests Persia, the fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia.
 * His rule did not increase trade and cross-cultural exchanges or internal peace. His death in 1405 caused his empire to fall apart.


 * Global Connection: The Mongol Linkages**

__Main Idea__: The nomads of central Asia widely impacted world history.

__3 points__:


 * The complex and durable Mongols ending and interrupting many of the major empires of the post-classical period.
 * Many nations benefited the Mongols, the teaching of war efforts with gunpowder and helping the spread of trade and culture between different civilizations in Asia and Europe. (Brought great wealth to northern Italian traders)
 * They impacted the transmitting diseases and epidemics like the Black Plague in Asia, Europe, and north Africa.