Russia,+Japan,+and+the+West

__1. What was the **Decemberist uprising**? What were its causes and effects?__ The Russia's ruling elite tried the incorporate liberal and radical political values with the increase of censored intellectuals. (The elite welcome Western artistic styles and took great pride in Russia's growing cultural respectability.) It was a revolt in 1835 of Western-oriented army officers. It was inspired by the new tsar, Nicholas I. Secret police expanded and the repression of political opponents stiffened. Newspapers and schools were confined to small minority where then supervised. There was little impact in Russia, much of the political critism was exiled to places like Paris and London. Russia avoided much of the revolutions that occurred in through Europe in 1830 and 1848. Russia officials had different political system. Russia turned more conservative after 18th century, they remained the idea of territorial expansion It had hold on Poland. Russia supported national movements in Balkans.
 * Russia**

2. __What were the weaknesses of the Russian economy?__ Russia did not industrialize when the west was industrialized and central European powers begin to industrializes. Russia was behind in technology and trade. The Russian landlords took control of the market for grain, tightening the labor obligations on their serfs. Russia imported some Western machinery, costly imports, and luxurious goods for the low-cost grain export. Russia remained fairly agricultural society based on serf labor and a stagnant society.

3. __What caused the **Crimean War**? what were its major efects?__ There was a minor war in Crimea in 1854 and 1856 that widened the gap between Russia and the West.Nicholas I provoked conflict with the ottoman Empire on 1853. The Britain worried about any great power advancing in the region that would threaten the hold on India. France sought for diplomatic glory with Christian rights. From the result of the Crimea, the Russians were driven out and the European victorious. Russian leadership was disturbed and frightened military vigor for potent of the future. The Crimean War convinced the Russians in was time for a change. Reforms were essential to allow for sufficient economic adjustments. Reform meant for resolution on Russia's leading social issue, idea of serfdom. With the change of serfdom, people thought Russia could develop more of a vigor and mobile labor force and be able to industrialize. There was a series of change that created more grievances then opening the way to further economic change.

4. __Why were **serfs emancipated**? how did their emancipation differ from the emancipation of slaves in the U.S.? What changes did it create?__ Slavery or serfs suited the economic needs for an independent positions in the Western-dominated world trade. The emancipation of serfs was more generous than the liberation of slaves in the Americas. Serfs got to retain some land in while slaves only got their freedom. In the Russian emancipation, it was careful to maintain some aristocratic powers and retain a tight grip of the tsarist state. At a national level, serfs gained no new political rights, redemption money was given to the aristocrats. Emancipation brought larger urban labor force, no revolution traditions methods were still used. There was a rapid population growth. Alexander II introduced a host of future measures in the 1860's and early 1870s. New law codes cut back the harshness of the traditional punishments of serfs.

5 __What were the Zemstvoes? How successful were they?__
 * Zemstvoes** were local political councils created by the tsar, which regulated the voice of regulation of roads, schools, and other regional policies. Since there were no longer any nobility to oversee the peasantry, forms of local government was essential. Zemstvoes gave middle-class people like doctors and lawyers a new political experience, and underwent important inquiries into local problems. The council had no success in national policy, tsar maintained his own authority/ bureaucracy. Peasants learned new skills and joined the military. There was a spread of state-sponsored basic education, through unevenly.

6. __What was the significance of the Trans-Siberian railroad?__ The Tans-Siberian railroad built in 1870s and 1880s, it helped to connect European Russia with the pacific. The railroad boom shows the stimulated expansion of Russia's iron and coal sectors. It also stimulated the export of grain to the West. (The foreign currency for advance Western machinery)The railroads brought Russia a more active and contested Asian role. In twenty years, Russia's railroad network had almost quintupled since 1860s. Urban working class rapidly grow and modern factories started up in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and several polish cities.Printing factories and metalworking shops expanded skilled artisans in cities, and metallurgy and textile plants recruited newer semiskilled industrial labor force from troubling countryside.

7. __What economic reforms were enaced by Sergei Witte?__
 * Sergei Witte** was the minister of finance from 1892 to 1903, enacted the government to create high tariffs to protect new Russian industry improve the banking system, and encourage Western investors to build great factories with advance technology. By the 1900s, about half the Russian industries was foreign (British, German, and French industrialists) owed. Russia became a debtor nation as huge industrial development loans piled up.

8. __What were the signs that Russia was headed to revolution? (think about - intelligentsia, anarchists, Marxists, Bolsheviks.)__ Nationalist pressure became mainstream and insisted the distinctive superiorities of Russian traditions. There was social protest from reform limitations. There were also peasant uprisings from recurrent famines. Peasants resented redemption payments and taxes. Many educated Russians argued for liberal reforms.. A group of radical **intelligentsia** (intellectual as a class) became increasing active.Students groups grew as well as the expansion of Russian universities. More intellectual wanted radical doctrines. The Russian intelligentsia wanted political freedom and deep social reform. Many Russian radicals were **anarchists**, who sought to abolish all formal government. It opposed the tsarist autocracy. Anarchists had little success and resulted to violence. After the death of Alexander II, his successors increased the efforts to industrialize and further political reform. New measures of repressions were directed against minority nationalities, damping their unrest. The were current protest that gained new force by the 1890s. Marxist doctrine spread from the Western socialist movements to segments of Russian intelligentsia, committed to a tightly organized proletarian revolution. **Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov**, Lenin introduced the important innovations in Marxist theory to make it more fitter of Russian society. He insisted on on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells to maintain doctrinal purity and effective action. He animated the group of Russian Marxists known as **Bolsheviks**, or major party.Russian workers were more radical and formed unions and conducted strikes with political goals. It stemmed from no legal political outlet. The forces were not united and difficult to compromise. The regime remained resolutely opposed to compromise.

=**Japan: Transformation without Revolution** = = 1. __Explain major developments in Japan in the early 1800's__ = Shogunates continued to continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semifedual alliances with daimyos and samurai. The government constantly ran into financial problems. Taxes based on agriculture when commercial was growing. The shogunates weakened since maintaining the feudal shell was costly. In the Tokugawa regime, Japanese intellectual life and culture was developing. Neo-Confucianism gained support among the ruling elite and Japanese became secular especially the upper classes. Schools and academics expanded (from upper class the commoner schools that taught reading, writing, and rudiments of Confucianism, also known ** terakoya **) There was tensions between traditionalists and reformist intellectuals. The influence of national study school grew around this time. There was a monitory groups the **Dutch Studies**. It allowed the ideas of study of European Western thought. Commerce expanded with the creation of monopoly privileges and better manufacturing. By the mid 1800s the economical growth slowed down and was backwards towards the west.

= 2. __What effect did the actions of Commodore Perry have on Japan? (include details on Samurai discontent)?__ = The United States became an increasing active part of West's core and launched the same Europeans and China.The shogunate bureaucrats were not altered, but Western navies had a superiority. Dutch schools began to expand, the dislike of isolationistic. Daimyos opposed the new cessions. Samurai and shogun appeals to the emperor for support. The complex shogunate system was dependent on isolation policies.In the 1860s there were samurai attacks on foreigners. In 1866, it broke out into a war and armed themselves with Western armaments. it came to an end in 1868 when the reform group proclaimed a new emperor named Mutsuhito. There was achnage in Japan's basic political structure.

= 3. __List the actions taken by the Meiji State__ = Meji states abolished feudalism and replace the daimyos with a system of nationally appointed perfects in 1871. political power was centralized. The emperor expanded power of state to effect economic and social change.The Japanese government sent samurai officials to Western Europe and the United States to study western institutions of economic and political and technology for domestic development. From the 1873 and 1876, Meji minsters introduced a real social revolution. It lead to the abolishment of the samurai class and agriculture taxes were converted widely. The samurai was compensated by decrease government backed bonds. There was a final uprising of samurai in 1877. Japanese nation was militarily secure, 1878. Samurai found new opportunities in political and business areas. There was political reconstruction in 1880s. Former samurai formed political parties. In 1884 the Japan government creates new conservative nobility. The bureaucracy was reorganized, insulated from political pressure, it became talent-based. The bureaucracy began to rapidly expand by 1908. The constitution of 1889, giving major privileges to the emperor with limited powers for the lower house of the **Diet**. They created a parliamentary government and people wore western clothes. Japanese new government was similar to Russia, the states were centralized and authoritarian and incorporated business leaders into governing structure. = = = 4. __Explain how Japan Industrialized - (Private and government roles)__ = There were new government banks funded growing trade and provided capital for industries. There were state-built railroads throughout the country and islands were connected from boats. New methods for raising agricultural outputs to feed the people of growing cities. Guilds and internal road tariffs were abolished create a national markets. There were land reforms created clear individuals ownership for farmers. Government dominated manufacturing with state operated mines, shipyards, and metallurgical plants. The government checked foreign advisors for early Japanese industries. There was an expansion in technical training and education with the set up banks and post offices and regularized commercial laws. They largely copied practices of the West. The private enterprise contributed to the growing economy, vital textile sector. By the 1890s huge new industrial combines known as **zaibatsu** formed from result of accumulations of capital and far-flung merchant and industrial operations. There was careful organization of foreign advice and models. Japan became dependent on world trade and had sweatshops. Workers were horded. = = = 5. __List ways that Industrialization changed Japan__ = There was a significant change in culture and society. Japanese society became to have a more aggressive foreign policy. There was better nutrition and new medical provisions, reducing death rates and cutting restraints in traditional births. There was a steady population growth. It strained the resources and stability and lead to low-cost labor. The government provided universal education system of primary school. It stressed science and the importance of technical subjects. Western teachers were imported to bring high-level advice to the system. Social order was promoted from intense government inspections of textbooks. The Japaneses copied western fashion to be more modern. Christianity, calendars, medicines, hygienes and western ideas. There was a rise in factory industry, separation from the home, children's labor less useful. Family was instability, divorce rates ranking increased. Japan was poor in raw materials and felt the pressure to expand. The Japanese imitated of Western models. Japan took over China in the **Sino-Japanese War** and expanded into Korea. There were superior in other Asian powers. The Japanese won the Russo-Japanese War on 1904 to disputed over Russian influence. = = = 6. __What division within Japanese society were created by modernization?__ = It created poor living conditions in crowded cities. Japanese conservatives often resented the ideas of other Japanese displaying Western fashions. There was disputes between more conservative thinking old and more modernized/Westernized thinking young. There was tension in politics. The political parties in Japan's parliament clashed with the emperor's minster to determine policy. There was divisions in intellectual life. Many Japanese scholar adapted to Western philosophies and literary styles to prevent the emergence of a full Russian-style intelligentsia. Other intellectuals expressed deep pessimism about losing identity of the changing world.