1914-Present

20th century Nationalism The West Latin America There have been no major successful revolution in the 20th century like in the 18th and 19th century. In the modern era, there have been a rise in peasant population. State froms increased taxed to peasants. The Rise of revolutions were disrupted from the Industrial Revolution spread and a western centered global market. Many secondary and developing nations had much unemployment that cuased rebellions. Slightly industrialized nations were in support for revolutionary parties. There was a great feeling of interconnectedness among nations in the 20th century that cuased the feeling of unwanted wars. Raw materials and manpower could nopt be drawn from colonies or neutral states. During this time there was a rise in intellectual thought. In the 19th century there were theorists of communism. There were wants for utopia and good peasant life from Mexico to China. Lastly the revolutions understood the terms of Western infleunce and to reassure a great national autonomy.
 * 1. Read In Depth p.684 take brief notes and answer the questions (5 points)**

In Mexico, President Porfirio Diaz stayed in office for thirty years. The majority of power was given to a select few. injustice was in cities and countryside alike and wealth was only in a few people. He often exploitated and treated the workers very poor. The entire nation was stirred up after the interview Creelman. He was the only one to really control the land.Their industrial revolution brought newer and better milling machines, more crops like rice. The hacienda owners wanted to peasants to sell their land and they tricked and such to get the peasants of there land. In China, the collapse of the Manchu dynasty increased internal disorder and had pressure from foreign governments.

In the early 20th century there were a group of young leaders that wanted to participate in political life. Francisco I. Madero along with young reformers created the "Anti-reeleccionista" Party to represent the subsequent president elections, they sought for democracy. Madero gain the help of Pascual Orozco and Francisco "Pancho" Villa, there peasant uprisings. In the Russian Revolution, there was a series of violent demonstrations and riots in Pertrograd from the peasants mad at the foods rising prices. The October Revolution was lead by the Bolshevik to became the dictors of the proletariat. There was nationalists like Sun Zhong Shan challenged the growing communist movements. During World War II, various Chinese political groups pooled military resources.

In Russia there were two major revolutions comprared to the China and Mexico. In all revolutions there were volient states of riots and wars. In the Mexican revolution the peasants from for democracy and such laws but in China and Russia the people fought against democracy and for communists. The revolution in Mexico and Russia, the fighters for the revolution gained power like Madero and the Bolshevik. The revolution caused a change but the China, it remained the same. In Russia and Mexico, the peasants led the revolution.


 * Russia **


 * 2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points)**

**__Liberalism to Communism__**: __ //Main Idea//: There was an Frebuary revolution for the change of liberal provisional government to rule the country. Then there was a second revolution that led to the rulings of the Communistic party led by Lenin. He faced many immediate problems leading to Lenin dictorship control. This produced backlash and many internal civil wars. __
 * Revolution in Russia p681-685 **
 * __In March 1917, there were riots in Russia's capital, St. Peterburg__ for more food and also a new political regime. It mostly was due to wartime causes. The workers took control of the city governments overtaking the the tsars. There was a want for early conditions of industrialization since it was against incomplete rural reform and unresponsive political system. (Frebuary Revolution)
 * __There was a struggle for eight months for liberal provisional government to rule the country.__ Russian revoltionary leaders like **Alexander Kerensky** wanted to see true parliamentary rule, religious and other freedons, and many political and legal changes. It took a very long time such liberations/revolutionary thoughts were not rooted into Russia. There was much social unrest from war efforts and massive land reforms and unwanted social changes that it caused __a second revolution in October__. This revolution was lead by the **Bolshevik** the Social Democratic party, later the Communist party lead by **Lenin**.
 * Lenin gained a strong position quickly among the urban worker's council in major cities with a tight organization. (Against the thought of mass action)
 * __Lenin and the Bolsheviks faced much immediate problems when the liberals were toppled__. __They signed a humiliating peace treaty with Germany about land.__ Russia losed land and new nation-states were formed. (Versaillers). In time this treaty helped to moivate the idea for expansion vital for Lenin's consolidation of power.
 * //The communist party had a majority ruling, but were not the most popular revolutionary party.// The October revolution led the Lenin's creation of the Council of People's Comminssars to draw soviets al over the nation. In a parliamentary election, there was majority for Social Revoulyionary party emphasizing peasant support and rural reforms. Lenin became mad and shut the party down and they were replaced by the Bolsheviks from this time to 1989. (No western-style muplti-party)
 * __The Russian Revolution produced backlash like foreign hostility and domestic resistance__. Some regimes disliked the Russian Revolution since it caused direct injure by Russia;s renuciations of its heavey foreign debts such as the attack on France.
 * __From 1918 to 1931, there was many internal civil wars__. Many groups like Tsatist generals, religious faithful peasants, and many minority nationalities were against communist rule. It was also the result of economical distress. Lenin launched a nationalization that cuased the peasantry to loss property and incentives. Famines and unemployment fueled workers to revolt in serveral cities.

//Main Idea//: __The Communist established a red army and new ecomomical policy, finish the revolution by 1923. Then they established an authoritarian system.__
 * __Stabilization of Russia's Communist Regime__: **
 * __The **Red Army** was under Leon Trotsky who recruited generals and masses of loyal conscripts.__ They had ongoing strength from humble people who had great ability eagerly wanting to a new system. the ability to inspire more masses.
 * __In 1921, Lenin wanted to fix the economical state by issueing the **New Economic Policy**__, which comprised the freedom actions of small business owners and peasant landowners. The state continued to have economical policies, but efforts were combined with individual iniatative. The policy helped food production recover and a more durable regime.
 * __The Bolshevik revolution was finished by 1923__. There was a new capital, Moscow, a new constitution based on the federal system of socialist republics, **Union of Soviet Socialist Rupublics**.
 * The ethics of Russian were perserved in the central state while certians groups like Jews had little representation. New nationalities policy were mixed based on the seperate republics.
 * The central state's apparutus was a mixture of appearance and reality, like the **Supreme Soviets**. They elected by unverisal suffrage and they had trappings of parliament. The communist easily controlled the body since they had did not allow for competion for positions. There were parallel systems of central bureaucracy and party bureaucracy. __Later on the Communists quickle reestablished an authoritarian system__.

//Main Idea//: __In the mid-1920s the Soviets were highly experimental and lively encouraging subsidiary organization. Also during this time, they dealt with defining issues leading to the leadership of Stalin. He had thoughts of strong nationalism.__
 * __Soviet Experimentation__: **
 * __In the mid-1920s, the Soviets were highly lively and experimental__ because they had a feeling of being the nation with top power.
 * __The Communist party encouraged subsidiary organizations__, giving new groups a voice. Youth movements, women groups, and organization of workers debated problem in their social economical and had future planning like new educational and work opportunities, and legal equality.
 * __The government prompted a rapid spread of education__ (Literary) and educational and propaganda activites.The new educational system reshaped popular culture towards belief of Communiost political analysis and science. With new ideas came controversy.
 * __The Soviets dealt with other definitional issues in the 1920s.__There was much rivalry between the leaders/ When Lenin died in 1924, it created an unexpected leadership gap. Many lieutenants jostled for power like Trosky and __**Stalin**. After a few years Stalin became the undisputed leader.__
 * __Stalin represented a version of communism that was strong in nationalism__. Lenin believed that Communist would sweep through the Western industrial world. Many revolutionary leaders encouraged the set up of **cominterns**, Communist International office. Stalin believed in first building "socialism in one country". (Anti-Western). Rival leaders were expelled and killed and rival visions were downplayed.
 * __Stalin attacked peasant land ownship with the creation of a new **collectization** program__.

//__** Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703 **__//

//Main Idea//: __The Soviets had a different kind of economical system. Stalin wanted to make the Soivet Union better__.
 * __ Stalinism in the Soviet Union: __**
 * The Soviet Union had a different economy so it was buffered from the Depression. Soviets leaders made the nation's ongoing industrial growth. In the 1930s, the system was tightened by Stalin.
 * Stalin devoted himself to make the Soviet Union a full industrial society by full control of the state instead of private and personal iniatatives.
 * He led the nation from a more experiemental mood of the 1920s to having tolerance for small private businesses and wealthly peasant farmers.
 * Stalin wanted modernization insisting on Soviet control and endeavors.

//Main Idea:// __Stalin had problems in his approach to agriculture but was sucessful in the industry__. //Main Idea//: __The Industrialization process was similiar to that of the West and workers were given liberities.__
 * __ Economical Policies: __**
 * __In 1928, a massive program began to collectivize agriculture__ (the creation of large, state-run farms). Peasants were pressed into joining these holdings. The collectivizes movements allowed for a further chance to merchanize agriculture since farms could group scarce equipment. Collectivization allow for more efficeint control of peasants, showing the reluctance of the government to allow peasants to leave their own devices. Government and part control was wanted since __Stalin hoped for a speedup of industrialization__, its resources would be taken from peasnats, through taxation to provide capital for industry.
 * __The peasantry had mixed review for collectivization.__ Many laborers resented the kulak wealth and first welcome the chance to have a more direct access to land. Most kulaks refused to cooperate voluntarily with collectivization.
 * Several famines resulted from Stalins onward pushes. In the early 1930s many kulaks were killed or deported to Siberia. Rural resistance collapsed and production was restored and increased. Stalin's increasing authoritarian hold lasted for a generation or two.
 * __Many peasants were unmovitated.__ Collective farms did allow for job security, peasnats small plotsand proagandaizing, it seated a factorylike atomosphere with rigid planning and disipline. The controllized planning process allowed for few incentives for special efforts and complications to a smooth flow from supplies and equipment. __Agriculture production was a weakness in Soviet economy and it was a demading higher percentage for labor force.__
 * Collective farms allowed for normally adequete, but minimal food supplies and freed excess workers tp channel into the ranks of urban labor. In the 1920s and 1930s saw a massive flow of unskilled worrkers to the city.
 * __He created a **five-year plans** under the state planning commission that allowed for clear priorities for industrial development.__ The government constructed massive factories of metallurgy, mining, and electrics to make the Soviet Union industrialized and independent. (Great resources)
 * Stalin sought to create a alternative to the private ownership of business ownership, so he relied on formal, centralized resources allocated to distribute equipment and supplies. This led to wasters in individual factories. During the first two five-year plans to 1937, the Soviets machinery and metal productions grew to 14-fold.
 * __ Toward an Industrial Society: __**
 * __The industrialization process of the Soviet Union produced many results similar to take of the West.__ People were increasingly crowding cities. Factory disciplines were strict and incentives were used to motivate workers for higher productivity levels. The communist policy created a network of welfare servoces. Workers had a meeting houses and recreational programs.
 * Thought Soviet industry was directed by the government, the trade union movements was controlled by the working party were concerns were studied and problems addressed. __Stalin saw the importance of maintaining worker support__.

__**Totalitarian Rule:**__ //Main Idea//: __Stalin created new controls for intellectual life, intensified government policies, and weakened foreign policies.__
 * __Stalinism created new controls over intellectual life.__ Stalin wanted uplifting styles in art different from modernized west. Writers and artisans did not follow these lines were imprisoned.
 * **Socialist realism** was the dominant school that emphasized on heric idealization of workers, soldiers, and peasants.
 * Sciences were also controlled, Stalin did not allow for free scientific inquiries. Many scientist faced governmental persecution.
 * __Stalin created a new intensification of government policies for his industrialization program.__ He used party and state apparatos to monopolize power. Any opponents/ hundreds of people were executed and sent to Siberian labor camps. News outlets were controlled by the state and there was a secret police.
 * Party congresses and meetings of the executives commiittee, or **Politburo** became useless.
 * __Stalin's purges weakened the nation's ability to respond to foreign policy problems.__ The Soviets had modest diplomatic initiatives, reestablishing relations with major nations. The Soviets encouraged internal Communist party activites in many other countries.
 * There was threats towards communisms from other nations like Germany and Hilter. They tried to gained allies with other nations in World War II, but with no sucess, they allied with the Germans.

__ The Soviet system maintained distinctive political controlled as it was expanding. __
 * __ //Eastern Europe after WWII// p750-759 __**

//Main Idea//: __The Soviets had many foreign powers from WWII to later. The Soviet Union became a superpower with the developments of its arsenals and much infleunces.__
 * __ The Soviet Union as Superpower __**
 * By the 1945, __much foreign policies__, the Soviets had much desire to regain tsaist boundaries (also under hatrey of Germany), had an traditional interest in expansion, and wanted to play an active role in European diplomacy. Soviet industrialization and its world War Ii pushed westwards, merging as a worldpower. There was a concentration on heavy industry and weapons development with strategic alliances to the communist movements from various parts of the world.
 * __In the late phrases of the war, Soviet participartion against the Japanese lead to the gains of some islands in the northern Pacific.__ The Soviets established a protectorate over North Korea and from that China gained new infleunce. They gained a new ally, the Vietnamese. The Soviet's growing military and economical strength gave way to new leverage to the Middle East, Africa, and parts of Latin America, like Cuba.
 * __The Soivet Union became a superpower__ since by the development of the atomic and hydrogen bomb, deployment of missiles and naval forces. it match that of the U.S. arsenals.

__** The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe **__ //Main Idea//: __The Soivets were very influentual to different parts of the world. They partially controlled Eastern Europe and greatly changed it over several decades.__
 * __The Soivets increased their infleunce worldwide with trade and cultural missions to several Asian, African, and Latin American nations, mainly eastern Europe.__ The Soviets pushed their sphere of influence farther to the west.
 * __The small nations of eastern Europe faced a trouble period between the world wars__. Most of them failed to establish a vigorous independene econimies or solid political systems. Eastern Europe feel to Germany in four years.as the Italian and German forces seized these countries, through there was anti-Nazi governments.
 * __By 1945 the dominant force in eastern Europe was Soviet army.__ With the combination of the military and movements and local communists movements these nations reamined fairly independent. Noncommunist regimes was forced out by 1948. (Not Greece) Albania formed a rigid Stalinist regime and Yugoslavia resisted Soviet direction.
 * __Eastern Europe emerged standard developments of dynamicism by the early 1950s__. The new Soviet-sponsored regimes to attack other regimes.Mass education and propaganda outlets were soon formed and collectivization ended.Industry had much sucess from the five-year plans, but had some limiations.Soivet and eastern Europes commerce became seperate of that of the international one.
 * The eastern European nations enfolded with those of the West a common defense alliance, the Warsaw Pact and economic planning organizations. The Soivets continued to have troops stationed in eastern European states to enusre loyality.
 * The new Soivet System created tensions like in East Germany in 1953. In 1961, the Soivets built the Berlin Wall to keep people out.
 * __In 1956, Stalinism was loosen in the Soviet Union that created new hopes for controls__. In eastern Europe, more liberal communist leaders arose with popular, massive backings. They wanted greater diversity and more freedom from Soviet domination. New regimes in Poland had more freedom while in Hungary there were crushed the Soviet army. Eastern European governments were given the chance for a freer hand in economic policy and limited cultural experimentation. Ofteh times, countries became to outstripe the Soviet union itself. Eastern Europe remianed slightly seperate of those of the Soviets, but had limited diversity, like in Hungrary. Communism remained in full force.
 * __In 1968, eastern Europe still had limits on experimentations__, but Czechslovakia had more liberations. In the late 1970s there was a widespread movement called solidarity, against a stagnant economy and low morale in Poland. Key agitators were arrested by the Soviet supervised Polish army.
 * __Eastern Europe greatly changed from serveral decades of communist rule by the 1980s.__ Nationals dirsity remained at a industrial and political level. Discontent also remained as peoplecommunist-imposed social revolution brought economical changes and social upheaval of new systems of mass education, and industrial, urban growth.
 * The expansion of Soviet influence meet that of foreign policy new and old goals. They retained miltitary force. Eastern Europe began to crack own on the Soviet-built masonry.

//Main Idea//: __The political system continued and Stalin further put restrictions on and encouraged nationalism to the nation.__
 * __ Evolution of Domestic Policies __**
 * __The Stalin system had its people encourage nationalism for loyality.__ The American people were seen as evil power and a distorted society with media after the Cold War. From this, it helped to rapidly growth backs its industrial capacity and in the 1950s there were large annual growth rates.
 * __Stalin's rule within the Soviet Union put many restrictions like media and isolation from other countries__. People had restrictions on traveling and media was censored.
 * __Stalin's political structure continued to have an emphasis on central control.__ There were more extensions of educational and law enforcements with the extension of beuacracy. Peasant and worker families had a growth to go to secondary and such. Party memberships were restricted to a few select dedicated associated.

//Main Idea//: __In eastern Europe there was a major social change cuased by rapid industrialization. Tension increased with Western culture's relationships__.
 * __Soviet Vulture: Promoting New Beliefs and Instituions__**
 * __The Soviet government was a new product/ combination.__ It had a wide array of tsarist like functions able to have the direct loyality of its citizens and allow industrialization. It has maintianed an active cultural agenda. Religion was attacked in 1917, there was a war, wanting shape a secular population to obey government law. Artistic and litarary monitered to obey the government. Mass cermonies and education system was used to create loyality.
 * __The new regime greatly put the church at great limitation__. People under 18 could not attend church and religion was mocked as superstition. Jews were limited seen as enemies of the state. Russian had a tradition idea of anti-semitism. Muslims were given more freedom, if they were loyal. Due to the governments repression, church attendance decreasing.
 * There were new issues in the society and culture of Eastern Europe from industrialization. Freedom of religion was restricted. Arts, music like jazz, and earlist prinpciples spread to these parts.
 * __There were important literary currents__ of vigor even when the Soviet leaders attacked western culture and wanted alternatives for western-style consumerism. Literary was creative and dirverse even with restrictions.There wee writtings about embracing Russian culture, while some wrote about Russian suffering. Authors wee critial of Soviet regime but had ditinctive values of its culture with writers like **Akeksander Solzhenitsyn**.
 * Communist control was tight in the early 1950s, but the Stalinist system was more flexible. The Soviets continued have have control but embrace many Western forms like ballet. Leaders sought culture that would benefit the goals of socialist society.
 * __Sciences and social sciences were strongly promoted.__ There were any advances in physics, chenstry, and biology under Marxist theory. Sciences were advised to reject western theory.Advances in military were especially appraised. After Stalin, scientist gained more freedom.

__**Economy and Society**__ //Main Idea//: __The Soviet Union's economy was strong in industry but low in consumer goods. There were problems in agricultural. The progressing social life of Soviet was similiar to that of the west.__
 * __The Soviet Union government policy was more focused on industry rather that consumer goods, so it was lagging.__ Industry grow in the 1920s and 1930s and urban population rose 50%. The Soviets did not have simple Western staples like bathroom plugs. Consumer-goods industries were poorly funded and did was not technological advanced.
 * The Soviets need to create was low/ poor overall. __Eastern Europe did not develop much of a consumer society.__
 * __Living conditions improved,__ but throughtout the communist era, there were still poor consumer goods.
 * __There were many environmental damages__ from the want to produce at all cost. There were bleak zones for factories, were waste was dumped in agriculutral and mining areas. It caused por health conditions and 1/4 of the land was environmentally degraded.
 * __Problems went unsolved in agricultural production.__ Farming capital went to industry. The cilmates of the land was not ideal for farming. Many of the peasants continued to food, but it did not provide enough food supply.
 * __Soviet culture had themes of contemporary Western social history.__ Factories gave people incenstives for a higher level of productivity. There were leisure sports with entensive athletiv programs, vacations,and television.
 * __The social struture of Eastern Europe grew similiar.__ There tended to be slight division in society along class lines. The manangers and professional were often in there own group.
 * __The Soviet family changed from industrialization.__ People often moved to crowded cities. Family was less desirable and birth rates decreased. In southern Soviet Union birth rates were higher due the maintaining of Russian cultural dominance.
 * Like the west, parents were more caring of their children, children were strictly disciplined. The image of Soviet women were different since married women continued to work Propaganda promoted equality for women workers, but there were signs of suffering burdens from demanding job and home lives.

//Main Idea//: __After the death of Stalin, Khrushchev can to power. He was a weak leader and gradually the Soviet Union became weak and its tries with other countries declined.__
 * __De-Stalinization__**
 * There were problems with the in succession problems. Soviets were more likely to cooporate.
 * __**Nikita Khrushchev** was Stalin's successor after his death in the 1953.__ He condemned Stalin for his contration of power and his narros interpretations of Marzist doctrine. Khrushchev had some laws of Stalin's vicious policies, but did promote cooperation with the West. He was more contratred on tolerance and decontralization. Only a few intellectuals were allowed to raise issues.Ouright critics were executed and centralized economy remained intact.[[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSPuSudHpq732QzmcMxUg5GHgQCCjoVJKqvTxG2N0EvhsTn2c7CnQ width="190" height="266" caption="Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin"]]
 * __Khrushchev was thrown out of the ruling party__ after little changes were made in the communist institution and after the domestic and foreign failures. He planned an extension to new Seberian for cultivation, but it failed. He had mant Stalimist loyalist antagonize him.
 * __After Khtushchev, the Soviet Union remianed stable into the 1980s__.The entire system was on the verge to collapse after much flucatuation of economical growth, there were unadequate harvests, expensive grain deals and such.
 * Khrushchev promoted a new policy with the US to have a peaceful conexistence. Also in the 1960s, the Soviets restored its contract with the wider world and some of its earlier ambiguities.
 * The Soviet leadership had a seadly build of military with rocketry and the Soviets had the led in the space race with the US until the late 1960s. The Soviets were competitive in the Olympics.
 * __Its relations with other communist nations like China by the mid-1950s turned bad.__ There were sucessful in the 1960s like with Epygt but it turned sour. The Soviets Union often did not enage in warfare but had a cautious diplomatic game.
 * There were problems with the motivations and disciplime in work by the 1980s. There were high rates of alcohlism that plagued the male workforces and concealing of crime rates.
 * The youth had greater access to Western culture and had less to with discipline life.
 * There was a pride of the Soviet's achievement with vigorious propaganda.


 * __Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847__**

//Main Idea//: __In the 1980s, the Soviet economic deteriorate and people started to realize it. Eastern Europe had ensentive damge in its environment.__
 * __The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s__**
 * From the 1985 the Soviet had intensive reforms with new political movements. __The Soviet economy deteriorated by the mid-1980s__ partially from the intense rivalry with the US. Lots of money went into ears war and affairs with the US.
 * By the 1980s, the public feeling were from the "satsfaction with the nation's world prestige and improvements in social life."
 * __Eastern Europe has had extensive environmental disaster__ from the forced industrialization. 50% of the agriculutral life was endangered by 1980s and 20% of the citizen lived in ecological diaster regions.
 * Related diseases impaired economic and morale performances increased. Infant mortality rates rapid increased.
 * 1/3 of national income went into military production, even when industrial production slowed and economic growth stopped.
 * Young leaders show that the system might collapse.

//Main Idea//: Gorbachev introduced new reforms in 1985 like glastnost, a new constitution, and perestroiko.
 * __The Age of Reform__**
 * __**Mikhail Gorbachev** came to power and introduced reforms in 1985__ slightly Stalin and replaced some old-line party bureaucrats.[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg/225px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg width="225" height="228" caption="The first president of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg"]]
 * He urging nuclear reduction and negotiating with the US to limit medium-range missiles in Europe in 1987.
 * When the Soviets withdrew, the war in Afghanistan ended.
 * __Gorbachev introduced the policy, **glasnost**, the freedom to comment and criticize.__ He pressed the reduction for inefficiency labor and encouraged decentralized decisions. There were still strong limitations in politcal freedom.
 * His policies critcized Western value, but still reflect some of qualities and he reduced isolation. Gorbachev wanted to open Soviet Union to fuller participate in the world economy. The economical initiatives symbolic changes like McDs.
 * __He wanted reforms of basic Communist controls, through **perestroiko**, economic restucturing.__ It allowed for more private ownship and decentralization of economy control. Free resources for consumer goods brought encouraged forien investments and reduced military expenditures. He also urged for mre self-help amoung the Soviets.
 * __Politically, a new constitution in 1988__ gave more parliament power and abolished the Communist monopoly of elections. Gorbachev was selected to the new presidency in 1990. Some minotrity nationalities, Muslim and Christisans wanted independence after the economical and political conditions.
 * Social issues had twists for the fact the Soviet established equality for women but there were still burden with work and the home.

//Main Idea//: __As time when on, the Eastern European states seeked independence and internal reforms. The Soivet troops withdrew. The new governments faced serious economic and environmental problems.__
 * __Dismantling the Soviet Empire__**
 * Bulgaria started to challenge the Soviets in 1987. In 1989, Bulgaria had free elections.
 * The Hungrians and polish installed non-communist governments to move towards free economy. Czechslovakia did the same in 1989. Full German unification occured in 1991 when the Berlin Wall came down and East Germany removed communist leaders in 1989.
 * There was only violence in Romania when the authoritarian ruler was overthrown.
 * The communist retained there power through elections in Bulgaria and Romania. Albania had more flexible Communist regime, when they took control.
 * There were ethnic clashes with the new situations in Eastern Europe. There were clashes between the Romanians and Hungarians. The Bulgarians attacked the Turkish minority. Minority nationality areas like Slovenia proclaimed independence.
 * Yugoslavia fell apart and there were brutal fights in its former components.
 * Eastern Europe suffered from sluggish production, economical problems and massive pollution.Poland had a rise in unemployment and price increases from the introduction of market economy.
 * Soviet policy had massive changes, reverse postwar imperialism, Soviets troops withdrew, and there were new contracts with Western nations.

//Main Idea//: __In the 1990s, Gorbachev resigned and was replaced by the Boris Yeltsin and after him, it was Putin__.
 * __Renewed Turmoil in 1990s__**
 * In 1991, Gorbachev with the popular support, he survived attempts of coup. Central authoirity weakened.
 * Minority republics wanted indepdence, while Batlics republics gained their independence.
 * The Soviet Union was replaced by loose unions of republics by the end of 1991.
 * Gorbachev was resigned and was replaced by **Boris Yeltsin**. Economic and political intensified.
 * When Yeltsin lost support in in the 1999, Vladmire Putin take over. He pledged forreforms and commitments to democracy.
 * People still debate the furture of the Soviet Union, Russia.

3. Leadership chart of Stalin Lenin and the Bosheviks embraised the ideas of Marxism: to overthrow capitalism, the abolition of private property and rule by the proletariat. The red terror was "counter-revolurionaries" of the civilian population. There were conflicting social sides, since there was a civil war from 1918 to 1920 the Bolsheviks, the "Reds" fought with the "Whites", people opposite of Lenin and people. The Bolsheviks ultimately won. Lenin established the policy of allowing the market economy to operate in rural areas in 1921 to 1927. There was a division between the "kulaks", wealthy peasant and other peasants. ||  || He had the idea of Stalinism, it is the interpretion of the Marxist- Leninist theory. It was characterized by overly centralized state, totalitarian figure head, secret policem propaganda and brutal tactics of political coercion. Stalin did not emphasis the workers in an advancing capitialist countries. He had the theory of aggration of the class struggle along with the development of socialism. Stalin and the majority felt that the majority of the communist party felt that the New Economic policy was against Communist party and did not have good economical performance. In Stalinism there was a want for the increase in the pace of industrialisation to catch up with the west. ||  || In the mid-1930s, Stalin became ruthless and persecuted and executed his enemies in the Great Terror. The show trials were of, widely broadcasted, Stalin's old rivals confessing and being sentenced to death. First World War II, the Soviets and the Americans were pitted against each other. Then in the Cold War, the Soviets and Americans fought for world supremacy, so by the late 1940s, the Soviets with the push of Stalin, asserted their dominance over Europe. ||  || There were 97 million tons of grain by 1937 that it came a cash crop for export. With the increase of agriculture, stock fell in about 10 years cattles fell from 70 millions to 51 and goats and sheeps from 150 to 66 millions. Stalin created much fear in the Soviet Society. In the 1928 to 1940 there was a policy of Collectivisation, a polcy of consolidation of individal land and labor into collective farms. There much economical improvements. ||  || Long-Term Effects: The Soviet union became more modernized with new methods, tractors, fertilizers, larger scales of production and new attitudes. Communists gain complete control with officials running farms. Stalin still had power until he died. Peasants obeyed the party. The Kulaks, poorer peasants were elimated, since there were executed with political repression. In the period through 1932 to 1933 there were many millions of people killed in the grain-producing areas. ||  ||
 * |||| Name of Leader: Joseph Stalin ||  ||
 * || Lifespan: 1879-1953 ||  || Title: First General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee succeeded Lenin ||   ||
 * || Country/region: Soviet Union ||  || Years in Power: 1922-1953 ||   ||
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: Lenin was in control: Bolsheviks supported his called for professional revolution, like the Russian Revolution, which took over the government. They became in total power and called themselves the Communist party
 * || Country/region: Soviet Union ||  || Years in Power: 1922-1953 ||   ||
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: Lenin was in control: Bolsheviks supported his called for professional revolution, like the Russian Revolution, which took over the government. They became in total power and called themselves the Communist party
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: Lenin was in control: Bolsheviks supported his called for professional revolution, like the Russian Revolution, which took over the government. They became in total power and called themselves the Communist party
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: Lenin was in control: Bolsheviks supported his called for professional revolution, like the Russian Revolution, which took over the government. They became in total power and called themselves the Communist party
 * |||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * |||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * |||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power: There was the five-Year Plans for nation-wide exercise of rapid centralized economic development, developed by the state planning committee. It involved collectivization of agriculutre and the purging of the kulaks.
 * |||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power: There was the five-Year Plans for nation-wide exercise of rapid centralized economic development, developed by the state planning committee. It involved collectivization of agriculutre and the purging of the kulaks.
 * || Short-Term effects:
 * || Short-Term effects:

4. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)**


 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present
 * Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present

__** Toward Revolution in China **__ __** 685-689 **__ //Main Idea//: __The last dynasty, the Qing began to fall in 1912 and there were many fights for sucession.__
 * 5. Take outline notes on China from 1912-Present (20 points)**
 * __When the Qing dynasty fall in 1912, there was a long struggle over China's political future in China.__ The century of peasant uprises and foreign control was symbolized by the Puyi Abdiction, the young Manchu emperor. His politcal power was always weak.
 * __There were fights for sucession__. It involved Western-educated politicians, academics, warlords, peasants, and foreign power, and a lot of Japanese.There were coalitions of sudents, middle class, secret societies, military split.
 * Military commander allied and ruled for decades, so they had the better chance.**Yuan Shikai** wanted the Chinese empire and found a new dynasty. He shortly ruled China from 1915-1916.
 * Shanghai and Caton merchants and bankers had power comprared to uncersity students and intellectuals. Secret societies wanted to return to Chinese monarchy.

__** China's May Rough Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative **__ //Main Idea//: __The Qing was overthrow, there were wonders for what was to be the type of government. There were movements for democracy and a communist party was formed.__
 * __The Revolutionary Alliance under Sun Yat-sen mainly lead to the overthrow of the Qing__. He was more powerful than his oppositions and he often killed then.
 * The Japanese and rival warlords destroyed him went he did want to deal with WWII. Shikai gave under presidency in 1916.
 * Japan took North China after WWI. __In 1919, Chinese internal affairs led **May Fourth Movement**, move for liberal democracy.__ It seen thought the media in newspapers and speeches. The movement was Westernly infleunced rather than Confuscism and tradition. There was a cultural class liberal changes and conservative backlashes.
 * In the end were ineffective against powerful, uninteresting warlords not willing to give any power. There need an immediate change, when promises were made and people were dying. So liberal reforms did not since democracy takes a long time.
 * **Li Dazhao** was a peasant who organized the young so proltariats and peasants, and workers were equal and led the example of the Russian Revolution and ideas from the Marxist theory.
 * **Mao Zedong** joined the Dazhao . He saw that many people joined his group since many felt betrayed by imperial rule. People were against commerce and merchants and a want to reture to social refroms and social welfare. __He formed the Communist Party of China in the summer of 1921.__

__** The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang **__ //Main Idea//: __Beside the communist party, the Guomindang party was formed. They had the Whampoa Military Acedemy to trian people.__
 * __The Nationalist Party of China, the **Guomindang** was formed by Sun Yat-sen__ and it forged alliances with many groups in pursuit to end the rule of the warlords. It remianed until the early 1920s.
 * There were political and foreign issues in the party and people remianed unfeed.
 * The Goumindang focused on the interests on international issues and promised land and social reforms.
 * Yat-sen wanted to gain support from peasants and workers and it desperate matters, even allied with the Communist, Chinese and Russian. Latter on he received aid.
 * __People entered the **Whampoa Miltary Academy**__ that was controlled by **Chiang Kai-shek**, a young ambitious military leader. It was instructored and founded by the Soviets in 1924. It increased in power With this, they wanted the ability to confront communists and warloards. This cuased 90% of the peasant popultation to starve to death after exploitation and neglect. The government ignored crises of disease and famine in the rural poor regimes.

__** Mao and the Peasant Option **__ //Main Idea//: __Chiang slowly tried to gain power and Mao solidifed his communist power. When threatren by the Japanese, they allie together.__
 * Being a committed revolutionary, Mao understood the importance of peasant support.
 * When Sun died in 1925 Chiang Kai-shek replaced him. Kai-shek had Western approval and quickly turned against the Communists. It became the most brutal in Shanghai.
 * __He would defeat one warlord at a time to take of the region__ and become the head warlord.
 * He wanted to get support from the US and Europe. They would want to support him to stop communism.
 * On the **Long March**, Mao led his 90,000 supporters to regroup and travel thousands of miles northwest in 1934. __This solidifed his power over the communist__.
 * __The Japanese became more of a threat at this time to China as a whole. The Nationalists allied with the Communist to fight off the invaders.__

__** Mao’s China and Beyond **__ __** 823-830 **__ //Main Idea//: __The communist won the long civil war in the 1949. Mao tried to recover the economics and society of China.__
 * In the 1930s, the sucesses of Kai-shek was interrupted by Japanese invaders.
 * __The Nationalist and Communist allied to fight the seven-year war against the Japanese__. It ultimately replaced the civil war.
 * __The Communist were strengthed by the the war__. Guomindang defeated by the Japanese when they waged conventional warfare. In the Japanese invasion, they took the coastal areas like th e Guomindangs banks and businesses. From the Japanese the Japanese looked very bad and were forced to retreat and ask the US and landlords for help.
 * The Communist wanted to extended their control over North China, so they fought geurrilla campaigns. Mao gained an advantage with the use of propaganda. The Guomindang moved from Formosa to Taiwan.
 * The intellectuals and students changed and soon gave there loyality to Communism.
 * After the war with the Japanese, China was defeated, the civil was renewed.
 * By the 1945, Mao had the majority of the power and they thus proving to be victorious in 1949 when they won the civil revolution. __He proclaimed the land/establishment as the **People's Rupublic of China** in Beijing.__
 * He was sucess with the support of the peasantry and other groups convincing them, he would provide a better life.
 * Mao's armies werr guerilla and had comanders like the gifted, **Lin Biao** improve Chinese life, protected the peasantry.
 * Mao had land reforms, education, and imrpoved heatlh care, furthering his like among the people.
 * The Communist won, offering a solution to China's fundamental social and economic problems.

__**The Communist Come to Power**__ //Main Idea//: __The Communist Chinese had a benefitual strong military and political organization. They lost cooperation with Russia.__
 * __With a long struggle, the Communist had a strong military and political organization,__ rooted in the **party cadres** and the **People's Liberation Army**. Military officials came to power and the army was subordinate to the party. The Cadre advisors dominated monmilitary personnel.
 * The Communist reasserted Chinese regional preeminence with their strength.
 * Secessionist movements were supressed in Inner Mongolia and Tibet. In the Korean War, the intervening China preserved the division of Korea in the 1950s.
 * From time to time, they threatren to invade the Guomindang refuges in Taiwaan. They also supported the Vietnamese liberation movements.
 * __The Chinese were closely cooperative with the Soviet until the mid 1950s, when it died__. There were many border disputes since China wanted to resize lands previous from the Qin dynsty. He had arguments wuth post-Stalin leadership since he considered himself as the leader of the communist world.
 * In a brief border war, India was defeated by the Chinese and nuclear dicives were exploded during the early 1960s.

__**Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice**__ //Main Idea//: There were many methods for attempts to began industrialization, until the Mass line was ultimately to collective protection.
 * __Their was much vigor in the government activity to complete social revolutions in rural areas__, but it proved to be less sucessful.
 * Landlords were dispossessed and 3 million were executed. Their lands were redistributed to the peasants nations of peasant smallholders.
 * It __efforts to began industrialization__, there first five-year plan was put into place in 1953. It drew resources and money from the countryside for support. There were sucesses in heavy industry, when state plans were more centralized and the class of urban technocrats were priviledged.
 * He greatly disapprovement of elitism and the revolutionary ideas of Lenin towards elitism. He distrusted intellectuals. For the force of revolution, he clung to the faith of his peasants, __so he turned to other methods__.
 * In the 1955, the **Mass Line** approach led of argricultural cooperative formations. 90% of the Chinese peasants were in collective farming. The bulk of Chinese production came for the the collective farming of 1955. Peasant had no ownship of their lands since land was turned over to the state.
 * The intellectuals were removed in 1957 when they were asked for their opinions of government policies in "Let a hundred flower bloom".

__**The Great Leap Backward**__ //Main Idea//: __Mao created the Great Leap Forward to its mass and rural bases, but it was not so sucessful and Mao losted his position as State Chariman, Pragmatist pushed for state direction.__
 * __**The Great Leap Forward** was started in 1958 to revitalize the revolution by restoring its mass and rural base.__
 * Industrial was forced on the farms that the factories. The program used communes for extra resources for builing tractors, cements for irrigation. Backyad furnances made steel without machines. Lives aspects were regulated on communes. Mao beleaving this was good did not create a bureacracy.
 * Economical disasters were caused when small-scale industrialization was aimed to create self-relaint peasnat communes//. __Peasants were against collectivization__,// commune leaders, abd backyard factories. There were bad droughts. China started to resort to imports of grain.
 * During the 1980's, China experienced a terrible famine, worsen by a growing population and state rejecting family planning. From this, the government introduced birth control to slow doqn the population increase.
 * __The Great Lead ended by the 1960s and Mao losted his positions as State Chairman, but he continued to be the head of the Central Committee.__
 * __**Pragmatists** like **Shuo Enlai**, **Lui Shaoqui**, and **Deng Xiaoping pushed** for policies to restore the state's direction and have local level market incentives.__

__**"Women Hold up Half of the Heavens"**__ //Main Idea//: __Communist party gave women more rights and opportunities than the Guomindang did. Tradition attitudes of women lowered their rights.__
 * __Assisted by his wife **Jiang Qing** (Prominent role), Mao was determined to give liberation to Chinese women.__
 * __It was a revolutionary strategy to involve women__, tradition with the Taiping and Boxer rebellion. May Foruth intellectual sought for the rights of women to not have footbinding, have education, and more carrer opportunities.
 * __Many women supported the Communists when the the gains of women were reversed by the efforts of the Guomindang early in the revolution__. They wanted to returnt o traditional China. Kai-Shek's wife said its immoral to criticze a husband and virtue is more important that learning.
 * Women worked in many Communistic occupations. When the Communist won, women received legal equality.
 * Women were expected to work outside of the home and they wee also given more freedom in selecting a marriage partner.
 * __Professional and educational oppprtunities improved for women__. They could be a teacher, nurse, and laborers, even a soldier and cadre leaders.
 * __Men still had continued to have traditional attitudes towards women and caused them to work both in and out if the home. Males remained dominate in upper-party levels.__

__**Mao"s Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four**__ //Main Idea//: __Mao had one last attempt to regained control and luanched the Cultural Revolution. The Gang of Four was established and rivals of Mao. There were many achievements and failures of the communist regime.__
 * Mao thought he had enough support to overthrows his pragmatist rivals and __tried to regain control.__ He pushed for student, peasant, and military support.
 * __He launched the **Cultural Revolution**__ to be able to attack or kill hos opponents or force them into rural labor. Zhou Enlai was secluded, Lui Shaoqui was killed, and Deng Xiaoping imprisoned. Centralized states were taken over by people as the nations was entering chaos.
 * The stability of revolution was ar risk from the destruction of centralized state and technocratic elites.
 * Mao terminated the campaign in 1968 and the military brought the **Red Guard**, student brigade back to line.
 * __Mao continued to struggle with his rivals when there reinstated and formed the **Gang of Four** in 1973.__ The gang was led by Jiang Qing slowing pushing back. They had increasing power (the pragmatists and the ideologoues)
 * When Shuo Enlai and Mao died in 1976, they wre clear for open sucession struggle. The Gang of Four was imprisoned for life when the pragmastists won. The pragmatist opened China to Western influences and capitalist development, not political reforms. There was an encouragement in private peasant production and communes were ended.
 * __The Communist had many achievements__ with the manage redistribution of Chinese wealth since their rise to power.
 * The people of china have a better living standards that those of previous regimes. Their conditions are superior to people of developing nations.
 * The agricultural and industrial growth rates of China has surpassed those of India"s. The regime created better education, health care, housing, working conditions, and food.
 * __There were failures towards the regime__, economical setbacks, political turmoil, and low political reform levels. There was a continuous challenge in growth/ living conditions.

6. Read and take __brief__ notes on //Democratic Protest and Repression in China// 848-849 – Answer the questions at the end of the document (5 points) There were student protests in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989 angry at the more open, democratic systems. Many people died and crushed furture movements. China continued its authoritarian policies and rapid economic change. The leader of communist party offical, Li Peng gives a speech about standard governmnet claims about the nature or protest. He calls the government to resolve/ restore normal order in society and ensure programs towards socialist modernization. He sees the situation in the square has been grimming with more and more students involved in the demostrations. This has a caused a worsen government, image, and normal life. He feels the hungry strikes are only damaging to the person doing it. The government helps these people and listens to their opinions. He feels that the government has to do something soon to stop it or there will be national turmoil. The situation affects other cities and communication has been interepted. He sees that the protesters are good people who want to see a dramtic change for such like democracy. He appraises the government to being so tolerant and loving towards the masses and dissproves of the people who twists the words of the government, posioning the crowds. He belives that the actions of his party will be approved from all people.

Li Peng does not want want much a change in the politics/ government of China that the protesters wanted. They wanted a more liberal and and open policy fot programs of socialist moderization. Instead of telling people he will change in the beginning of the passage, he makes the decisions to "convene a mettting here of cadres from party, government, and army organs.. to mobilize this emergency" which is to call for the army to move

Li Peng wants the protestors to known that they are making China have a worser reputation for he sees the "more and more students. Involved in demonstrations" cuase "party and governmnet leading organs,, rapidly deteriorating... greatly damaging China's international image and prestige" and what they are doing/ their protest are not helping. It will only be worsen for " various forms of demonstrations... eill not be beneficial to solving the problem."

Li Peng being the priemer of China did not want to take the protesters, so he of course appraise the protesters. He calles the " young students as kindhearted, who do not want to cuase turmoil and that they have fervent patriotic spirit, wishing to push forwards reform, develop democracy, and overcome corruption." He also calls the protestors as their " own children and the future of China. They do not want to hurt these good people."

People in communism are classless/ equalized, he speaks of all the people and he hopes the "actions have the support of all members ol the broad masses" and also "responsible to our sacred motherland and all people must adopt firm and resolute measures". He often talks about the protestors as being a groups of different groups of people like students.

Communism and democracy is vastly different. Democracy for equal opportunities and say and communism have people that are borned into any social class/ equal classes. It does not really give its citizens the opportunties to develop and such. Communism has also dictorial leaderships and he sees that the furture if China " built by ,any revoluyion martyrs (protestors) with their blood, are facing a serious threat" these people are given the chance to influence the government and they are just often seen bad people.

7. Complete a leadership analysis on Mao Zedong (5 points)
 * ||  ||   || Name of Leader: Mao Zedong ||||||||||||   ||||||   ||
 * || Lifespan: December 26, 1893 - September 9, 1976 ||  |||||||||||||| Title: Chairman of the central Military Commission and China ||   ||
 * || Country/region: China ||||  |||||||||||| Years in Power: Ocober 1, 1949 - September 9, 1976. ||   ||
 * || Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Before Zedong established the People's republic of China; it was the Communist party of China. Laws and decisions concentrated on people's will were passed. Laws were passed by the National People's Congress of China (PCC) with legal procedures. PCC was under the control of the State's leadership system. The framework of the party was the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. All the members of the party were equal before the law. In 1978, the party had a shift to a socialist modernization and had reform policies, thus became of the Chinese Nationalist Party/ Kuomintang of China. China became more opening to the outside world. (Chinese people who reached 18 and are willing to join and actively work in one of the party organizations to carry out decisions were accepted into the Party's Program. They had to regularly have to pay membership dues.) There an internal war between the nationalists and communists They had support from the Soviet Union. There were two civil revolutions, the first one involved the Northern Expedition and the second the Long War. Then there was a Sino-Japanese War. ||||||||||||  ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals: He created Maoism derived from teachings of Chinese political leaders. It was an anti-Revisionist from of Marxist communism. He felt successful revolutions were based on the needs and demands of the masses instead of a distinction of the army. New democracy cannot be deployed from a period of improvement. Society is dominated with wide range of contradictions. To handle them, they need to be divided and not suppressed. The cultural revolution did not end the bourgeois ideology but intensified and the continuation of class-struggle. His politico-economical thought of the Three Worlds Theory was for international relations. He saw that the first world was the superpowers. The second the superpower’s allies. And the third world nations that are with or form major power blocs. He wanted China to be a leader in industrial power and be as modernized as the United States or Britain. Mao wanted to remove privately held properties and have people form people’s communes. He didn’t want China to be influenced by the West. ||||||||  ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power · Mao led the Chinese in the Sino-Japanese war. It was from 1937 to 1941 and the Japanese ultimately won. From this the Japanese gained raw materials reserves and other economic resources and food and labor. · In March of 1950, there campaigns to suppress counter-revolutionaries. People of these campaigns were targeted and denounced in mass trials. They were executed or sentences to labor reforms. There more efforts to remove enemies of the state and also corruption in 1951 and 1952 with the three/ five-anti campaigns, Hundred Flower campaign in the summer of 1957, and the Anti-rightist Movements in the late 1950s and early 1960s. · The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign from 1958 to 1961 was aimed to be used to transform the vastly growing population of China from an agrarian economy to an industrialized and collective economy. He based on the theory of productive forces. He moved Chinese peasants to enormous collective farms. · The Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 was created to cement socialism and remove capitalist elements from Chinese society. There were changes in political, economic, and social landscapes. Social norms and previously established political institutions at all levels of government were removed. ||||||||  ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||||| Short-Term effects: ||  |||| Long-Term Effects ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||||| · Many Chinese citizens were hurt /punished in the Sino-Japanese War. · Many people thought of as ruthless and detrimental. (People consider him like Qin ShiHuang) · With the Great Leap, Chinese economy initially grew like iron production in 1958-1960 but ultimately plummeted in 1961. Food supplies increasingly dropped. · China became for de-collectivized by the 1960s. · During the Cultural Revolution many students could not learn and were sent to do labor work in the country side. · Minority groups cultural and religious sites, and historical relics and artifacts were destroyed ||  |||| · He led China to be a China to be dictated by communism. · Millions of Chinese died in the famines from the Great Leap Forward. And in the Cultural Revolution. · Maoism politically influenced other Asian nations/ many three world countries. · People see him as the founding father of modern China and gave Chinese people dignity and self-respect. · He was able to make China a more industrialized and modern place · People see him as a hero and displace his body in Tiananmen Square. ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals: He created Maoism derived from teachings of Chinese political leaders. It was an anti-Revisionist from of Marxist communism. He felt successful revolutions were based on the needs and demands of the masses instead of a distinction of the army. New democracy cannot be deployed from a period of improvement. Society is dominated with wide range of contradictions. To handle them, they need to be divided and not suppressed. The cultural revolution did not end the bourgeois ideology but intensified and the continuation of class-struggle. His politico-economical thought of the Three Worlds Theory was for international relations. He saw that the first world was the superpowers. The second the superpower’s allies. And the third world nations that are with or form major power blocs. He wanted China to be a leader in industrial power and be as modernized as the United States or Britain. Mao wanted to remove privately held properties and have people form people’s communes. He didn’t want China to be influenced by the West. ||||||||  ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power · Mao led the Chinese in the Sino-Japanese war. It was from 1937 to 1941 and the Japanese ultimately won. From this the Japanese gained raw materials reserves and other economic resources and food and labor. · In March of 1950, there campaigns to suppress counter-revolutionaries. People of these campaigns were targeted and denounced in mass trials. They were executed or sentences to labor reforms. There more efforts to remove enemies of the state and also corruption in 1951 and 1952 with the three/ five-anti campaigns, Hundred Flower campaign in the summer of 1957, and the Anti-rightist Movements in the late 1950s and early 1960s. · The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign from 1958 to 1961 was aimed to be used to transform the vastly growing population of China from an agrarian economy to an industrialized and collective economy. He based on the theory of productive forces. He moved Chinese peasants to enormous collective farms. · The Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 was created to cement socialism and remove capitalist elements from Chinese society. There were changes in political, economic, and social landscapes. Social norms and previously established political institutions at all levels of government were removed. ||||||||  ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||||| Short-Term effects: ||  |||| Long-Term Effects ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||||| · Many Chinese citizens were hurt /punished in the Sino-Japanese War. · Many people thought of as ruthless and detrimental. (People consider him like Qin ShiHuang) · With the Great Leap, Chinese economy initially grew like iron production in 1958-1960 but ultimately plummeted in 1961. Food supplies increasingly dropped. · China became for de-collectivized by the 1960s. · During the Cultural Revolution many students could not learn and were sent to do labor work in the country side. · Minority groups cultural and religious sites, and historical relics and artifacts were destroyed ||  |||| · He led China to be a China to be dictated by communism. · Millions of Chinese died in the famines from the Great Leap Forward. And in the Cultural Revolution. · Maoism politically influenced other Asian nations/ many three world countries. · People see him as the founding father of modern China and gave Chinese people dignity and self-respect. · He was able to make China a more industrialized and modern place · People see him as a hero and displace his body in Tiananmen Square. ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||||| Short-Term effects: ||  |||| Long-Term Effects ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||||| · Many Chinese citizens were hurt /punished in the Sino-Japanese War. · Many people thought of as ruthless and detrimental. (People consider him like Qin ShiHuang) · With the Great Leap, Chinese economy initially grew like iron production in 1958-1960 but ultimately plummeted in 1961. Food supplies increasingly dropped. · China became for de-collectivized by the 1960s. · During the Cultural Revolution many students could not learn and were sent to do labor work in the country side. · Minority groups cultural and religious sites, and historical relics and artifacts were destroyed ||  |||| · He led China to be a China to be dictated by communism. · Millions of Chinese died in the famines from the Great Leap Forward. And in the Cultural Revolution. · Maoism politically influenced other Asian nations/ many three world countries. · People see him as the founding father of modern China and gave Chinese people dignity and self-respect. · He was able to make China a more industrialized and modern place · People see him as a hero and displace his body in Tiananmen Square. ||   ||||   ||
 * |||||||| · Many Chinese citizens were hurt /punished in the Sino-Japanese War. · Many people thought of as ruthless and detrimental. (People consider him like Qin ShiHuang) · With the Great Leap, Chinese economy initially grew like iron production in 1958-1960 but ultimately plummeted in 1961. Food supplies increasingly dropped. · China became for de-collectivized by the 1960s. · During the Cultural Revolution many students could not learn and were sent to do labor work in the country side. · Minority groups cultural and religious sites, and historical relics and artifacts were destroyed ||  |||| · He led China to be a China to be dictated by communism. · Millions of Chinese died in the famines from the Great Leap Forward. And in the Cultural Revolution. · Maoism politically influenced other Asian nations/ many three world countries. · People see him as the founding father of modern China and gave Chinese people dignity and self-respect. · He was able to make China a more industrialized and modern place · People see him as a hero and displace his body in Tiananmen Square. ||   ||||   ||

__Main Idea__: There was a major loss in European power and more colonies were able to form nations. There was massive urbanization along with the population growth. There was new technology in communication, transportation, and military weapons.
 * __Read pages 636 - 643.Take notes as you read. Each blue heading should have a main idea and important details.__**
 * Triggers For Change**:
 * The European's dominance crashed with World War I and the destruction led to an acceleration in the worlds economic depression and then World War II. During this time there were many European Civil wars causing massive loss of economic, demographic and political vitality. It became impossible to claim to exclusive economic dominance, much less to overseas empires.
 * The political order of the 19th century crumbled, the add to the growing strength and effectiveness of anti-colonial nationalisms. The Western military supremacy was shaken and new challenges arose. A large number of former colonies were able to develop sufficient military arsenals to prevent outside intervention.
 * The Cold war was first the rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union providing a political, economic, and policy framework. In the end, the United States emerged the sole superpower but unlikely to provide a durable pattern.
 * There were new methods of transportation and communication that had the capacity to move people, goods, and ideas worldwide. Radio, satellite transmission, and the Internet greatly shrunk the world. Military life was redefined by new technology. Beyond World War I, the destructive power of warfare grew steadily, boundaries blurred between military personnel and civilians and wars were able to kill more people. By World War II millions of people could died from purges and genocides.
 * There was a tremendous population growth that caused new public health measures in the beginning of the 19th century.There was also an improvement in food supply to kept pace, though some regions experience devastating famines. Population growth was accompanied by massive urbanization, often the advancement of industrial growth and new patterns of urban poverty.
 * This period is characterized by disaster, inevitably leading to exhaustion of resources, battles for space, and pollution.

__Main Idea__: There was much political change.Cultural forces encouraged new secular loyalties. There is more globalization of cultural and rights. There are negative results to the environment.
 * The Big Change**:
 * Political innovation was needed with the revolution in some countries and decolonization. In the 29th century there were possibilities; wider use of some sort of democracy; totalitarian governments like communist or fascist; or new forms of authoritarianism like one-party ruler. Aristocracy no longer served as a primary source, political change was a dominant process.
 * Many parts of the world made up systemic efforts to improve their position in the world economy with greater political independence and new political regimes. Few regions like Japan and pacific Rim joined western Europe and US as advanced industrial society at the top of world economics. More societies won some part of world economy. Some took advantage of new control over vital global resources like oil. Some focused on replacing excessive reliance on the economic leaders with local manufacturing called import substitution. Other began to develop modern export sectors. From 1970s and onwards, china became a global manufacturing engine. India enhanced exports and became the center of outsourcing services. Brazil became the world's fourth largest computer exporter. (A widespread of modern manufacturing advancement.)
 * Three cultural forces encouraged new secular loyalties. People became more nationalistic and Marxism in the 20th century. The west and Japan led consumer values and a faith in century. The cold war challenged it. In the 29th and 21 th century people changed and modified their believes. Major religions were still powerful, there was missionary activities in Africa and elsewhere. In societies like Middle East, India and the US were was a real contest for cultural preferences.
 * There was cultural debates and political and economic changes often involving gender. There important movements towards increases in education, new legal rights, and a stronger voice for women. This led to a decline in birth rates. In some societies women lost economic ground, men taking more profitable jobs.
 * There new/ more globalization that occurred in the second half of the 20th century but then receded. The Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and authoritarian Japan, China in the 1960s and US partially, during its two decades of isolationism, they pulled out of international economics. Major societies shifted position in the decades after World War II. Japan, Germany, and US became active global players.There was a massive network of international nongovernmental organization (such as human rights) emerging from 1970s onwards. There was intensive global cultural change, so there was new immigrations of various people to the United States.
 * Multinational corporation led to recurrent pollution crises like oil spills and chemical disasters. Air pollution that caused acid rain and smoke. Scientistsworry about global warming, but policymakers struggle to find global response.
 * Cold war/ bipolariness idea in the world. The end is the fall of the Soviet Union, 9/11.
 * World War I main causes by Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism_Balkans/Slavs.

__Main Idea__: Many regions continued to product low-costing raw materials and foods and were unequally treated. Many regions also resisted cultural change often mixing there culture to new ones, larger orientations derived from traditions, disciplining changes to prevent a change.
 * Continuity**:
 * A number of regions continued to focus on low-cost production of raw materials and foods.Many societies maintained older economic and social forms like parts of Latin America, southeast Asia, Africa, and India. Many economic inequalities had worsened by the early 21st century regional and among them, and most of these gaps reflected older historical patterns. Many societies resisted to change over redefinition gender relations (Middle East and Africa). There was a resistance to increasing inroads of consumer culture.
 * Many regions attempted to discipline change by combining it with older traditions, the effort to use a new and popular aspect of global consumerism to revive regional traditions. Globalization didn't entirely override continuity or opposition in the name of continuity.
 * Many societies retained larger orientations derived from their traditions. The United States continued to be extremely suspicious of participating in international agreement in the early 21th century. China remained order and conformity. Russian returned to greater authoritarianism in the early 21th century.

__Main Idea__: Emotions and behaviors reflected individuals personalities or cultures. Emotional and behavioral implication were changed by Demographic changes. worldwide emotions and behaviors were not homogenized.
 * Impact on Daily Life: Emotions and Behaviors**
 * In the 20th and 21st century, many emotional and behavioral formulations reflected individual personality or particular cultures. Some continued to characterize specific civilization. Mediterranean maintained traditions of angry responses to offenses.
 * In many societies, efforts to destroy social inequality involved attempts to reverse emotional passivity. Communist upheavals in China, it told peasants to cast off traditional reluctance to show anger. This was similar to the Civil rights leaders of the United States.
 * Demographic changes had emotional and behavioral implications. Families had emotional attachment to individual children when birth rates dramatically lowered. Death of a children usually caused divorce in the 20th century American family. By the 1990s Chinese educators focused intensively on the faith ob a single child.
 * The spread of global consumerism affected some behaviors. McDonald'sand flight attendants embrace the cheerful attitude. Many consumer pitches played up and down emotions, China showed this.
 * Emotions and behaviors were not homogenized worldwide. older distinctions remained; new trends often contradicted each other: there were big differences. There were some wider patterns, various behavioral rulers depended in their setting and became fluent in global manners and habits of particular societies.

The Great Western Empire: (Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain), Austrian-Hungarian and parts of Russian empires were imploded by the end of the century. IN the 29th century many new nations arose.These massive boundary changes were relative to other upheavals. In much of the nations of 1914, the typical system, was wither a monarchy or empire. By the early 21st century, almost every country had a different type of government from the century. Some societies had multiple kinds of government. In the 1914 the typical social system was dominated by landed aristocracy or an aristocratic and big business blend. In the beginning of the of the 21st century, landed aristocracy were dramatically gone, displaced by revolution or the rise of industry, New nations had a parallel in new politic systems and new social structures. In the late 20th and early 21th century, it saw the rise of nation-state. With multinational corporations like European Union, it possessed far greater power. In 2000 they had 500-9500 multinational corporations. Places that were more industrialized like nations in North American, Australia, and Japan had more. places that were less industrialize had no patented multinational corporation. (Russia was so huge it probability did multinational corporation)
 * __Analyze the three maps on page 637. What can they tell us about this stage of world history - explain in detail__**

Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 or it might have been the Mexican-American War 1912 Fall of Qing dynasty in China: beginning of Chinese Revolution 1914-1918 World War I 1917 United States enters World War I 1919 Versailles peace settlement, League of Nations 1927 I know Stalin becoming head of Soviet Union, no to the five-year plans and collectivation 1929-1933 Height of Great Depression 1933 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933-1939 New Deal in United States 1935 German rearmament: Italy captures Ethiopia 1937 pretty sure I know it Army officers in power in Japan; Invasion of China 1939-1945 World War II 1941 United States enters World War II 1942-1945 Holocaust 1945 Formation of United Nations 1945 Atomic Bomb 1947-1975 Cold War; Marshall plan !949 Formation of NATO (Kind of) 1950-1953 Korean War 1951 End of U.S. occupation in China (Kind of) 1960s Civili rights movement in United States: Revival of Feminism 1965-1973 U.S. military intervention in Vietnam 1975 Communist victory in Vietnam 2003 U.S.-British war with Iraq
 * __638-639 look at the time-line - what events do you already know?__**


 * World War II:**
 * The Japanese were militaristic until the 1930s since it developed regional diplomatic crises. In the lat 1920s, nationalistic forces began to have an advance in the regional war lead by Gomindang. Chiang Kai-shek had the support of most people in the land. He had much military such and potentially united the country. The Japanese were worried and they seized the Manchuria in 1931. They made it an independent state called Manchukuo in 1931.
 * In the democracies, the Soviet Union was the only ones to who wanted to support the Spain's republic. After the Spain republic was crushed and led to a dictatorial rule.
 * The Japanese were the first to make the move, in 1937 The Japanese launched a massive attack on the Chinese. Chinese naval leaders were unaware of the scale of the Japanese attack and the Americans and British had uneasy reactions. The Japanese had great success in occupying coastal cities by the end of 1938. Much of the Chinese population suffered. The Chinese forces retreated to the Yangtze River.
 * The Germans attacked the French in the period of 1914 to 1918. The French had weak and divided leadership in its republic from the 1930s. When the war broke out, France had outdated defenses and the citizens were demoralized.By the 1940s, all of France was under control by German. The city Vichy was in charge in the Germans.
 * By the mid-1941, the Germans controlled much of Europe with Italian help of Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece. They conquered Sweden and eventually captured Egypt and the Suez Canal. The subjugated people had to provide the Nazis were resources, war materials, soldiers, and slave labor.
 * The Soviets drove out people of Finland, Poland, the Baltic states, and much of Byelorussia and Ukraine by the summer and earl fall of 1941.
 * The Nazis also targeted Gypsies, leftist politicians, and homosexuals.
 * The Japanese wanted to colonize southeast Asia. There were resistance movements from Burma to the Philippines. The resistance fights allied with the British and Americans forces. The Guerrilla forces sabotaged occupying forces and harassed retreating Japanese armies.
 * In 1914 there was an agreement ob the Nazi-occupied France, the **Tehran Conference**. The Soviets were allowed to move up the small nations of eastern Europe, when pushing the Nazis back.
 * Early in the 1945, there was the **Yalta Conference** in the Soviet Crimea. Roosevelt wanted to help the Soviets from the Japanese. They had important territorial gains. Germany was divided into four zones for the three powers. Western leaders wanted democracy and lowered the German life.
 * In July 1945, **Postdam** stated that the Soviets should take over eastern Poland and the the Polish would gain part of eastern Germany. Along with Germany, Austria was divided and occupied. They gained unity and independence in 1956, there was great difficulty with it. The nations signed out separate treaties with Japan.