Nationalism,+Industrialization,+and+Imperialism

__ What __ : It was the treaty to end the Thirty Years' War and Eighty Years' War, often called the "Peace of Westphalia". It is actually a collection of treaties. __ When __ : It was between May of October of 1648. __ Why __ : It was the result of the first modern diplomatic congress into a new political order in central Europe, based on the concept of a sovereign governed states. It allowed people religious tolerance for communal worship in private, family and individual devotion and for political boundaries. __ Where __ : In Osnabruck and Munster
 * 1.Peace(Treaty) of Westphalia ** : __Who__:Holy Roman Empire and it's emperor Ferdinand III and house of Habsburg(Thirty Years' War) and Spain and Dutch Republic (Eighty Years" War)


 * 2. **Nationalism it is a strong sense of nation (potical entities or cultural) identify to an individual's character, the actions taken to a acheive and sustian this ideal. It can be done so in doctrines and such.(devotion to the nation)

__Italian Unification__: Italy facing many problems like the opposition of Austria, strong traditional of local autonomy, and the presence of church states ( it would lead to no leadership). Prime Minster Camillio di Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia favored unification (action) as a federal states under Peidmontese monarchy. Mazzini favored unification under democratic republic. It gave up Lombardy and after the defeat of Austria. Northern and central Italy became unified and sustain the idea of national identity. Austria gave up Venetian to Italy and in 1870 Italy annexed the rest of Papal States creating a unified Italian state.

__German Unification__: The efforts of national unification in 1858 failed. Conservative chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck was the leader in 1680's. Through he was mainly interested in strengthening Prussia, he embraced the nationalist to achieve his first goal. Prussia created a union of 22 states called the North German Confederation in 1866 after defeating Austria. The Germans defeated France in the France-Prussian War, after declared the King of Prussia as its emperor. Power was centralized and autocratic, through they remained a federation state.

__Zionism__: It was national movement to return Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in Lands of Argentine, Uganda, and Palestine in the 1900's. The Jews worked for this sense of nationalism, more Jews joined and worked together towards these goals. They ultimately accomplished there goal in 1948.

__Brazilian Independence__: Brazil was Portugal's most important colonial possession in the late 18th century. The Large slave population tempered the elite's thoughts of independence. Many nobility flee to Brazil after the French invasion in 1897. Brazil's ports were opened to world commerce and King Joao VI remained in Brazil until 1820. Rio de Janeiro became a great capital. When he left, his son Pedro was regent it returned to it's colonial state. With a sense of nationalism towards Brazil, Pedro declared Brazil an independent in 1822 and became it's ruler.

__Monroe Doctrine__: It was a United State's policy in December of 1823 made by President Monroe in which Europeans countries that colonized land and interfere with states in the Americas were seen as an act of aggression requiring US intervention. (Keep sense of nationalism/ connected) (Western Hemisphere) Other countries would not intervene with the US and Latin America.

__Argentine Republic__: Its economy was divided into the commercial port of Bueno Aries and pampas of the surrounding territories. Rio de la Plata declared a short-lived independence in 1816. Liberal efforts created a strong sense government that provojed a federalist reaction under Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831. Liberals and regional caudilios overthrow Rosa in 1852. After a decade of political turmoil, opponents compromised and created a unified republic. National unity and pride grew from successful war against Paraguay and the defeat of southern Indians.

__Balkan Nationalism__: The Austrians pushed the northern Balkans but they challenged their rulers in 1908 and 1912-13. This led to the Austria assassination of the archduke Ferdinand. Greek won their independence in 1830 and Serbia in 1867.


 * 3. Summarize the Global Impact of Nationalism **

The Ideals of unification lead to the unification throughout the world but especially in Western Europe. In Italy, the central and northern parts unified and annexed the rest of Papal States. In German, it remained a federation state but had centralized and autocratic power. In Argentine (Latin America) after the overthrowing of Juan Manuel de Rosas lead the liberals and regional caudilios to make a unified republic. National unity and pride grew with a successful war. In the Northern Balkans, they challenged the rulers nations won their independence like Greece in 1830 and Serbia in 1867. There were nationalistic cultural movements, one being the Zionism in were the Jewish unified to go to their homeland. Nationalism leads to independence in lands in Latin America. In Brazil, it was originally a Portuguese colony; the son of King Joao VI declared Brazil independence in 1822 after he was to be a regent of the land. (He became the ruler of Brazil)

4. //Index Numbers of World Trade (Volume of trade in selected years compared to 1913)// // Iron Production (1000's Metric Tons) // //Years of Life Expectancy at Birth// In the first set, it shows the trade is increasing but it does not show which regions are increasing trade. The second set, shows only that Europe is increasing metal production. The third data set of Years of life Expectancy at Birth shows how industrialization effected the world; it is the most significant. In parts that are the most industrialized, United States, Japan, Western Europe especially have seen the help of technology and life expectancy has rose. (They are also the many nations that industrialized early on.) Industrialization that later spread to Russia and parts of Latin America show about a 4-5 year increases. In parts of Asia and Africa where industrialization never occurred or occurred very late show little improvements. Data set, showing the increasing volume of trade shows that manufacturing has greatly increased. In farms / agriculture took time to grow (Time means money), people could not produce goods very quickly, farming is seasonal. In manufacturing, factories provides a faster way to produce. Trading increased with the possibility that technological advancements in transportation had to move more goods from countries to countries. The iron production shows that much of western Europe were industrialized since these nations produce a lot of iron by 1913. Britain being the first to industrialize has a lot. !913 was the when the starts of World War happen, Germany possibility come have made a lot of bullets/ weaponry. (Set 3 above)
 * Year || Index Number ||
 * 1850 || 10 ||
 * 1870 || 24 ||
 * 1895 || 48 ||
 * 1901 || 67 ||
 * 1911 || 96 ||
 * 1913 || 100 ||
 * || 1830 || 1850 || 1913 ||
 * Britain || 700 || 2,716 || 9,792 ||
 * France || 244 || 1,262 || 4,626 ||
 * Russia || 167 || 231 || 3,870 ||
 * Germany || 111 || 246 || 14,836 ||
 * Country || Year: 1820 || Year: 1900 ||
 * Britain || 40 || 50 ||
 * Average,rest of Western Europe || 36 || 46 ||
 * United States || 39 || 47 ||
 * Japan || 34 || 44 ||
 * Russia || 28 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Latin America || 27 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Asia || 23 || 24 ||
 * Average all Africa || 23 || 24 ||
 * Which of the data sets above do you think is the most significant? Why?
 * Taken together what do these data sets tell us?

[|Industrial Revolution Introduction.pdf] In Britain, in the late eighteenth century there was a industrial revolution that revolutionized production, transport, and communication. In it was a global event that relies on interaction with foreign countries for industrial raw materials, markets for manufactured goods, and place to invest. The Industrial Revolution gradually spread, first to Western Europe and the US and much the rest of the world in 1914. There were Enlightenment ideas of ongoing progress and rationality, improvements in food production, a rapid rise in population, and an increasing demand for cotton textile and iron. it became with the use of new sources of energy to machinery with the use of coal, stream, iron for textiles, railways, and steamships. In the late 19th century the leading edges became steel, petroleum, electricity, chemicals, cars,and airplanes.. It changed the family life, contributing the rise of cities and formation of self-conscious working class. Laborers work by the clock and machine time (it was boring). Workers no control over timing, conditions, or nature of work. /It increased spread and mobility, reducing time and number of people. In World War I, the living conditions improved. /There was a rapid and massive growth in cities and boom-bust cycles of expanding economies. It negatively brought human and environmental problems. Governments under took new responsibilities in regulations at the work place, public health measures in place, organizing police forces, and urban planning. It lead to public education and social welfare measures. Working class women and people of raw commodities countries gained new opportunities but were exploited.
 * 5. Read the following and answer the questions below**
 * What was the Industrial revolution?
 * What was its origins?
 * What were its major effects?

It's hard to read, could not attach it as a widget.
 * 6.**
 * Gender roles/issues
 * Family Structures
 * Social Structures
 * Extension of voting rights (chartist movement)
 * Mass leisure culture
 * Romanticism
 * Socialism
 * Communism

**Imperialism** 7. Examine the map below and the data that follows - What do they show us? The British were the first to industrializes with the Industrial Revolution in the 1780s and created better technologies in weaponry and transportation. WIth this advantage, Britian was superior to many nations in places like Africa, Australia, India, and Canada, thus being able to imperializes their lands. In lands of the Indian Empire and Africa there were used for raw materials and labor in tthe 1920's. (Australia was used for British exiled prisoners and such) The British had a sense of nationalism, they felt like they were better then many other nations and conquered them. In the first data set, the areas of the colonial is third or more than the original nations. In the last data set, the majority of the world was colonized.

//Extent of Colonial Control//
 * ~  ||~ Great Britain ||~ France ||~ Belgium ||~ Netherlands ||~ Germany (1914) ||
 * ~ Area in Square Miles || 94,000 || 212,600 || 11,800 || 13,200 || 210,000 ||
 * ~ Population || 45,500,100 || 42,000,000 || 8,300,000 || 8.500,000 || 67,500,000 ||
 * ~ Area of Colonies || 13,100,000 || 4,300,000 || 940,000 || 790,000 || 1,100,000 ||
 * ~ Population of Colonies || 470,000,000 || 65,000,000 || 13,000,000 || 66,000,000 || 13,000,000 ||

SOURCE: Mary Evelyn Townsend, //European Colonial Expansion Since 1871// (Chicago: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1941), p. 19

//Percentage of Territories Belonging to the European/US Colonial Powers// (1900) SOURCE: A. Supan, //Die territoriale Entwicklung der Euroaischen Kolonien// (Gotha, 1906), p. 254
 * ||~ Percentage Controlled ||~  ||
 * ~ Africa || 90.4% ||
 * ~ Polynesia || 98.9% ||
 * ~ Asia || 56.5% ||
 * ~ Australia || 100.0% ||
 * ~ Americas || 27.2% ||


 * 8. Imperialism**: it is the idea of spreading one's nations influence beyond its political borders. In can be the often led to unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relations.


 * 9.**The Dutch were (acted hostile) interested in the smaller islands of the archipelago to monopoly over the spices, there was a series of intervention wars with the princes of Mataram controlled till 1750s. Like Dutch, the English were hostile towards the local Indian princes.The Europeans were also interested in plantations lands of the Caribbeans Utilitarians and James Miller sought for the introduction of British institutions and remove "ideas of Indian superstitions and social abuses". Utilitarians and Evangelicals introduced English-language education for Indian elite's children and pushed for major major refrom in Indian society, and advocated a large-scale infusion of Western technology, in hopes to revitalizes Indian civilization. In South America the British wanted to eradicate slavery.


 * 10. Definition**


 * **The British East India Company**:They were the group to be of much imperialistic much of the world like in South East Asia at Plassey in 1757 with leaders like Robert Clive.They were at war with local Indian princes.
 * **Sepoys**: pioneered by the French, the British practices of reliance heavily on Indian troops recruited from the people throughout the subcontinent, becoming one of the mainstays of all European colonial regimes.. (Basically Indian soldiers) They made up a large portion of the rank-and-file troops in armies of British India. They had weapons, uniforms, and drills according to European standards and were commanded by European officials. The groups involved were the Sikhs, Marattas, and Gurkhas.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**British Raj**: It is the Sanskrit-derived name for British political establishment in India/ South Asia between the 1858 and 1947.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Partition of Africa/ Berlin Conference**: It was a period of time in 1884-5, called by German Chancellor Bismark to to settle European's countries disputes over colonial lands in Africa, trying to avoid war. Only European representatives went. They were consider as two groups: major like Germany and Great Britain and minor like Russia and Italy. (through America did not go, they were invited to the conference.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Settlement Colonies**: In the late 19th and early 20th century, they were the second majot type of oversea possession for Europe, they had different patterns of European occupation and indigoues response (like white dominions). Migration causes a major variation in this type settlement.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**White Dominions**: Colonies like Canada and Australia where only a tiny minority of the population was of British's global empire, but there was a good portion of land. This was true in parts of Latin America like Chile and Argentina. These type of settlement declined when there was a sharp decline in indigenous population became the United States in North America in the late 18th century.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Cecil Rhodes**: He was a English-born businessman greatly believed in colonialism and imperialism, he was the founder of Rhodesia. He was a financier, statesman and empire builder. Rhode served in the parliament of the Cap Colony in 1881 and became prime minster in 1990.
 * **James Cook**: He was a British explorer, navigator and cartographic and he made three voyages to the Pacific Oceans, making the first European contact to Australia's eastern coastline, The Hawaiian Islands and he was the first to circumnavigation of New Zealand on the HM Bark Endeavor.He was killed in his third exploratory voyage.

Reforms like education in the English language were put in place. (rinding absurdities) || Indian leaders like Ram Mohun Roy were supportive and active cooperated with the reforms of Western-education. Groups of Brahman complained/disliked the idea of outlawing sati. By the early 19th century, the people of India had more and more into the European-dominate global market economy. The British educating of the children of the Indian's rising middle class led to the importance of the emulation of their European masters' culture and knowledge. In later years, the Indians would fight for their independence from the British. ||
 * 11.**
 * Country || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power || Effects/ Reactions ||
 * India (note this will be more notes than the following two nations.) || The British steps for conquest were similar to the Dutch, The Leaders of the British East India Company were hostile like the Dutch Financiers, they would have disputes with local princes.They relied heavily on Indian troops, sepoys to control and such competitors. They fought with the French for many global lands including India. The British had victories over the French and Indian princes like Plassey in 1757. Robert Clive was victories in the battle pitted Siraj ud-daula, thus establishing rule over India. British steadily advance inland to the three trading towns of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. || The British officials of the East India Company went to war with the Indian princes to control them.The British made the trading ports the three presidencies, they directly in India. The British often saw India as a place for manufactured goods and overseas investments and a supplier of raw materials. The British adopted local styles of dress, food, housing, work habits, political symbols, and such in order to survive with the indigenous culture.
 * South Africa || British captured cape Town during the out war of the French Revolution in the 1790's. They annexed it in 1815, showing more interest in India. The evangelical missionaries entered South America with new British overlords. By the 1830s, missionary increased with pressure from British interferences and driving out the Boers.After the Boer War from 1899 to 1902, the British gained control of South Africa || There was a large number of Europeans that made permanent homes in the settlement colonies. There was a major rise in Immigrates to the republics after gold was discovered in Transvaal in 1885. The Boer tried to abolish slavery. || There was extensive miscegenations between the Boers and Khoikhoi creating a colored population. (Still part of South African society) The Bantu people resist the seizure of the lands, pasturing for herds of cattle and growing subsistence foods. ||
 * New Zealand || The first settlement began in 1790s with small settlements on the coast. After diseases, people farmed with the Europeans implements and grazed cattle for European purchase. More British merchants when to New Zealand and converted many to Christianity. In the early 1850s century, the British put Maori into misery and despair and claimed the land. || The Maori fought back (they were warrior-like) In 1860s and 1870s, they tried using religious prophets with supernatural powers, but it failed.They displayed resilience. /the British turned internal administration of the islands to the settlers' representatives. || (South pacific) It was long lived in isolation so when the Europeans came they became disease sicken much like with the native Americans. The Cultures of the South pacific were very vulnerable to outside influences, causing a period of social disintegration and widespread human suffering. ||


 * 12.** During this time there were many Nationalistic movements for independence in Brazil and Argentine and unification in Germany and Italy. With Ideas of Nationalism, many nations felt superior (They were the best) and they truly felt they were needed to help less fortunate nations like India to glorify them. In India they educated the Indian with Western cultural and influences. It was a rather selfish thought, because the European people did not consider the feelings of the conquered nations. In meetings like the Berlin Conference, only imperialistic representatives were allowed to attend (Not conquered representatives) From the Industrial Revolution, (mainly Great Britain and) western Europe were industrialized with better technology in weaponry and transportation. Industrialized nations gave then an advance to (imperial) conquer other nations. (Greater industrialization the greater imperialistic power). Often the very small land nations of Britain and Europe with there benefits in technology lead then to have colonies triple the size of their homeland. As the diagram as shows the British empire had a colony on every land. The idea of nationalism can also be negative towards imperialism. In conquered lands like India, the Indian and their princes fought back the imperialistic Britain like the Balkan Nationalism movement. They gained their independence and a sense of Indian nationalism.