The+West


 * 1. Using Scribble Maps outline the nations that you think are included when we discuss "The West". After embedding the map explain your rationale**

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I semi-associate the west with any countries in the Europe, they are west of Asia and Africa. (Light red) (The old world) I mainly associate the west with the mainland countries of Europe. (Dark red) They are the ones often referred to as powerful lands that conquered and colonized much of the world. (Relate it to power)


 * 2. Read p. 673- 678 - and 690 - 695 Outline notes**
 * Roaring Twenties**
 * Main Idea: There was consumerism and changes in women's role in the West. in Japan and America there were economic gains and political tension. In Eastern Europe and Italy there there were new authoritarian movements.**
 * There were __postwar challenges in the western European societies__ of numerous deaths, property damage and inflation.
 * There was a brief period of stability that emerged in the mid 1920s.
 * The democratic German government promised allies/ good terms with former enemies.
 * A number of nation signed the Kellogg-Braind Pact to outlaw war. There was internal politics, some wanted to imitate the Communist regime and others wanted authoritarian government based on recovered national honor.
 * In the late decade, there was __economical prosperity__ and the introduction of consumer items.
 * There was a __burst of cultural creativity__ in art, films and literature.
 * There were artistic movements like Cubist by Pablo Picasso. Writers and composers challenged the tradition. Architecture gained modern design.
 * In war's factories, women list their economical gains but in several countries they gained the right to vote and social freedom.
 * There were __important advancements in the sciences__: physics, biology, and astronomy: theory of relativity and atomic structure, and genetics.
 * The new culture disrupted the traditionalists, the lowering of key economical sectors and market. Western Europeans faced an increasing number of political extremism.
 * Countries gained rewards from their participation in World War I.
 * __Australia gained its independence in 1901__. Conferences confirmed independence of Dominions during this time.There was a gain in economics and politics.
 * __U.S. economics and popular cultural initiatives rapidly advanced__.
 * Corporations expanded and were innovated. The organization of work systems changed: assembly line. /Jazz and Hollywood.
 * Production was imitated by the Europeans, Japanese and the Soviets.
 * __The U.S.'s role had new complexities worldwide.__ For two decades, they had isolationist policies and the red scare.
 * Japan hit a new phase of industrialization, there were improvements and expansion to industrial sector. They still depended om cheap exports in the West.
 * There was political tension between military leaders (Traditionalists) and civilian governments.
 * __In the west, there were political systems that opposed democracy.__
 * **Benito Mussolini** formed the political party of "union for struggle", fascist in 1919. They worked to build a stronger state and leader. They were violent to rivals.
 * [[image:jspivey:benito-mussolini.jpeg width="256" height="362" caption="Mussolini, leader of fascism in Italy"]]
 * **Fascism** was first rooted in the late 19th century with the dislike of liberal, parliamentary system and social conflict.
 * Intellectuals thought for new authoritarian leadership and devotion to nationalist values. Italy gain little territory and veterans were abandoned, and there was labor unrest. They also had bad political factions that caused a boost.
 * Mussolini formed a new government in 1922 from political division and working'class threats. Mussolini eliminated opposing people.
 * New nations failed to maintain new Western-styled parliament due to economic difficulties.
 * New nationalistic nations had grievances of un-acquired territories. It led to more authoritarianism, but caused more social tensions.
 * Eastern Europe weakened from low agriculture prices and no land reforms, this caused more support for authoritarian regimes.

//Causation//: //The Debacle:// //Responses to the Depression in the Western Europe//: //The New Deal//:
 * Global Great Depression:**
 * Main Idea: There were many causes and effects of the Great Depression.**
 * The Great Depression centered around the West, but effected almost all.
 * When the New Yorker stock exchanged crashed in 1929, the Great Depression began.
 * In other places it started early, caused problems industrial problems and long -term weakness in economy.
 * __Structural problems affected industrial societies. The roots of the Depression were long. Europe's economy had a ripple effect on the world.__
 * Many times the food was overproduced in European and North America. It led to farmers in the African and Asian colonies overproduction (Exploited). /Prices fell. People were more in to Japanese and U.S. exports, competition.
 * France and Germany recovered by 1925, there were many problems still in effect.
 * There was little guidance in government. Nations loaned money they promised to repay. European was more focuses on tariffs, then having a balance in the world economic growth.
 * Employment in Western industries were declining by the late 1920s in coal, textiles, oil, and iron.
 * With the collapse of the New York stock exchange, the world's economy collapsed.
 * U.S. bankers failed and took their depositors with them. Investment receded. (Leading) Industrial production fell bad jobs and wages were cut in Europe. Americans loaned money to Europe.
 * Jobs suffered in pat and hours. Many people were unemployed.
 * __There was a downward spiral from 1929 to 1944 when the economy reached the bottom.__
 * __The Great Depression was the longest lasting and most far-reached economical disaster__ since the West's unprecedented global reach. It was a distress on top of other problems like war hardships.
 * The Depression led to a major lost in White and Blue-collared jobs. In Germany, 6 million people wee unemployed.Latin America was unemployed.
 * __The Depression was also a movement of social and political.__It revealed fragility of the 19th century optimism. Popular cultures took an escapist theme.
 * The family structure was disrupted, at times women had more control. They could find more jobs than there husband. It confused the standard family roles.
 * Western democracies were pressured into taking a stronger role in their economics.
 * Soviet, Stalin had ideas of determination to create industrial societies, during the brutal regime. He succeeded.
 * The world's economy led to a political crisis and a rise in unemployment in Japan.
 * __Western government responded to the onsets of economic catastrophe__ with the raise of national tariffs
 * The Depression revealed that Western European economic and political achieve of the 1920s were not permanent, ineffective government responses.
 * __Political polarization was heighten from the economic collapse__. There was challenge from the communist party and others.
 * //__The Depression led to the incapacitation pf parliamentary governments and its overturning__//. It was seen first in France and England and then Italy, Germany, and Spain.
 * The **Popular front** was a party formed from liberal, socialist, and communist and they took control in 1936. It in fell in two years.
 * In response, Scandinavians, socialist states had new levels of social insurance.
 * British had new sectors emerging from leaders of innovation.
 * __The U.S. government provided Americans with direst aids in economic trouble in 1930s__ with the **New Deal**. (Created by Hoover)
 * The Social security systems, government economic intervention and agricultural planning, and bank regulations were attempts to recover from the depression.
 * The New Deal provided a restored confidence in the economy anf government. The plans did not a full well fair state. It established a future government.

//the Rise of Nazism//: //The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War//: //Economic and political Changes in Latin America//:
 * The Authoritarian Response:**
 * Main Idea: The expansion of European fascism was a result of the crisis of the German Nazis. Latin America gained new authoritarian regimes. Japan had military authoritarians. Stalin tightened Soviet totalitarian systems.**
 * The Germans had a shaky parliamentary traditions, with much lost from the World War I, the country quickly became fascisms. __Like German, Italian fascism was a product from war.__
 * The war veterans were advocated the movement that attacked the apparent weakness of their countries' parliamentary system.
 * The upper class was pleased by fascist attacks on the union and Communists.
 * __Germany was a major force. Hitler made promises of a brighter future to many groups__. He had a lone voice of a leader that once in power in established a **totalitarian state** (Government based on the massive and direct control over virtually activities of its subjects) with secret police, the **Gestapo**, purged opposition, strident nationalism, and the attack on the Jews.
 * His foreign and militarypolicies were based on war preparation. He wanted Germany to prosper. and expand Hitlers violated limited German armaments and annexed neighboring territories for weak democracy responses.
 * Fascist movements arose in Hungary and Romania. Hitler expanded to Czechoslovakia and Austria in 1938.
 * __The rest of the world did nothing to Mussolini__, when he attacked Ethiopia condemned by the League of nations.
 * The **Spanish Civil War** was fought between those favoring parliamentary republic and others of Fascism om 1936.
 * The Soviets provided some assistance to the republic from various groups. With the help of Germany and Italy, __the Fascists won__.
 * In the 1920s and 30s, there was a limitation of liberalism. The increasing industrialization produce social mobility.
 * Ideas of reforms (literary, and art) and social change were present. These reforms spread to other countries.
 * Socialist and communist parties formed and grew in many Latin American nation
 * Tradition elements of the society did not like the secularization represented by a capital society.
 * There were serious social problems from rapid population growth that swelled the ranks of rural and urban working class.


 * World War II:**
 * The Japanese were militaristic until the 1930s since it developed regional diplomatic crises. In the lat 1920s, nationalistic forces began to have an advance in the regional war lead by Gomindang. Chiang Kai-shek had the support of most people in the land. He had much military such and potentially united the country. The Japanese were worried and they seized the Manchuria in 1931. They made it an independent state called Manchukuo in 1931.
 * In the democracies, the Soviet Union was the only ones to who wanted to support the Spain's republic. After the Spain republic was crushed and led to a dictatorial rule.
 * The Japanese were the first to make the move, in 1937 The Japanese launched a massive attack on the Chinese. Chinese naval leaders were unaware of the scale of the Japanese attack and the Americans and British had uneasy reactions. The Japanese had great success in occupying coastal cities by the end of 1938. Much of the Chinese population suffered. The Chinese forces retreated to the Yangtze River.
 * The Germans attacked the French in the period of 1914 to 1918. The French had weak and divided leadership in its republic from the 1930s. When the war broke out, France had outdated defenses and the citizens were demoralized.By the 1940s, all of France was under control by German. The city Vichy was in charge in the Germans.
 * By the mid-1941, the Germans controlled much of Europe with Italian help of Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece. They conquered Sweden and eventually captured Egypt and the Suez Canal. The subjugated people had to provide the Nazis were resources, war materials, soldiers, and slave labor.
 * The Soviets drove out people of Finland, Poland, the Baltic states, and much of Byelorussia and Ukraine by the summer and earl fall of 1941.
 * The Nazis also targeted Gypsies, leftist politicians, and homosexuals.
 * The Japanese wanted to colonize southeast Asia. There were resistance movements from Burma to the Philippines. The resistance fights allied with the British and Americans forces. The Guerrilla forces sabotaged occupying forces and harassed retreating Japanese armies.
 * In 1914 there was an agreement ob the Nazi-occupied France, the **Tehran Conference**. The Soviets were allowed to move up the small nations of eastern Europe, when pushing the Nazis back.
 * Early in the 1945, there was the **Yalta Conference** in the Soviet Crimea. Roosevelt wanted to help the Soviets from the Japanese. They had important territorial gains. Germany was divided into four zones for the three powers. Western leaders wanted democracy and lowered the German life.
 * In July 1945, **Postdam** stated that the Soviets should take over eastern Poland and the the Polish would gain part of eastern Germany. Along with Germany, Austria was divided and occupied. They gained unity and independence in 1956, there was great difficulty with it. The nations signed out separate treaties with Japan.

What were the major effects of decolonization post WWII on Europe?
 * 4. Read chapter 31p.732 - 750**
 * With the lost of their colonies, western Europe became secondary powers to the Cold War. (United States and Russia)
 * Former colonies were found to be more hostile to the European nations and they also had well organized nationalist resistance.
 * They were least likely to conquer the lands since it was of great price France tried to maitian holding in Vietnam but were defeated in 1954. The French alsotried with Algeria, but failed after the Algerian independence in 1962.
 * Western governments important cultural relations with their former colonies and at times helped with adminstration and military help. France and Belgium intervened with Africa.
 * Some former settlers went to European nations.

How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?
 * It occured from 1945 and 1947 where the British allied with the Americans. The Soviets tried to take out boundaries of postwar Europe; in three years, they communistically occupied most of western European countries.It created the **eastern bloc** which was Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and the Soviet boundaries.
 * The U.S. and the British policymakers tried to counter. **Harry Truman** wanted the development of of the atomic bomb, made in 1945. Winston Churchill say the communist aggression as the **iron curtian** in 1946. The division of free and repressed nations. The U.S. critcized Soviet policy and created the marshall plan for Western nations looking to rebuild from the war's devastation. They provided substantial loans.
 * Germany was divided into four zones. The U.S. wanted to help Germany construct a viable political and economic entity. The allied built a unfied West Germany and local political structured formed.
 * There were two rivals The **North Altantic Treaty Organization (NATO)** formed in 1949 with US, Canadaand Western Europe. They wanted to maintance a U.S. military in Germany for a resistance to communism.
 * Then the Soviets organized the **Warsar Pact** with eastern European statellites for nuclear capability.
 * Western Europe was now newly influenced by the U.S. The united states wanted for acceptance of German rearmament, higher military expenditures in France and Britian, and pressed for acceptanc e of US forces and weapon systems.
 * The Soviets infleunced western Europe. They funded and supported substantial communist movements in France and Italy.

Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?
 * __The want for democractic political system's extension__
 * __The discredited fascism and other rightist movements again parlimentary democracy.__
 * There were several new political movements in the West like Christian Democratic from democratic institutions and moderate social reform.
 * Socialist and Communist leaders largely accepted democratic procedures.
 * The were experience more democratic constitutions and agreethe need of government planning and welfare activities.
 * New regimes were constructeed in the fall of socialistic parties in Germany and Italy.
 * United States, British, and such wanted to rebuild Germany and improve it.
 * Democracy continued to spread in the 1970s and by 1980s, Europe was more politically uniform.

What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues?
 * Welfare state is when the states plays a primary role of protecting and promoting the economics and social well-being of its citizens
 * The was a resisting idea and shift from leftward politic, it moved to the new activism of state in economic policy and welfare issues.
 * The British government saw the need for new programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality and reduce the impact of economic inequality and reward loyalty of the lower class.
 * They quickly moved through Europe and eventually the United States.
 * Welfare states a many social insurance measures, unemployment, medical care, new Labour, housing assistance, and family assistance.
 * The welfare was very expensive and enlarged government bureaucracies.
 * There was a new type of Bureaucrat called a technocrat that went through intensive training and having great devotion.
 * 25% of the gross nation product of France and Holland in the 1950s went to welfare.
 * It also altered the relationship of the United States and western European states.

Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe
 * Europe wanted to address diplomatic problems like nationalistic rivalry and specific manifestations.
 * The were some Europeans that show an importance in the Christian Democratic movement.The France tried to coordinate with Germany a new Europe from the pressures and aware of the failed nationalist policies. Low countries nations and Italy had similar actions.
 * In 1958 the western European nations set up the **European Union** to create a single economical life among the nations. Tariffs favored its members and the tariffs were aimed at outside world. A Common Market bureaucracy was established and set upped a court system and funds for economical growth in laggard regions.
 * The Common Market was not unified since there were national disputes limiting its grow. Through it did not unity, it established international parliament. In 1980, trade and currency dismantled exchange barriers in the 1992. Central Europe mostly have membership.

Outline economic development in Europe
 * The European nations led to market expansion across national boundaries from purchasing powers for masses.
 * By the 1950,s Agricultural production and productivity increased rapidly as peasant farmers adopted technocrat approved equipment and seeds.
 * Expensive consumer products like automobiles and appliances supported the rapid grow of factories.
 * Western Europe was a leading center of weapons production. The growth in gross national produced surpassed those of the Industrial Revolution and the U.S. economy in 1950s and the 60s.
 * The economies of the French, Germans, and Italians grew 6 to 11 percent annually based on the rapid technological changes.
 * Europe had a rise in food production as the agricultural labor force shrined like in France.
 * In the 1960s, jobs in a factory lowered as there was a rise in production. There was a rise in filling functions like teachers, service sector.
 * When there was a labor shortage, people immigrated from other places (Asian and Latin) to work. Immigrants suffered discrimination, low wages and unstable employment.
 * There was an unmounted improvement in incomes form the economic growth and low unemployment even with welfare programs.
 * The own-ship of standard consumer goods were widespread.

Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)
 * Canada has welfare policies and established a great stake in economical planning and state-run medial insurance. Canadian economics integrated with the U.S with its mutual exports and imports by the 1970s. In 1988, the two nations established a free-trade agreement.
 * The was a growing number of immigration. The French Canadians wanted national Independence/ made threats but Canada made a new constitution in 1982 granting a greater voice to provinces.Separatist tensions still are occur in the 21st century.
 * Australia and New Zealand moved towards horizontal alignment from 1945. They both signed with the U.S. for defense against communist aggression. They also cooperated in wars with the U.S. Australia and especially the New Zealand began to be distance from U.S. foreign policies in 1970s and 1980s.
 * Australia and New Zealand had formed a union among the Pacific (Japan) like the European nations.
 * Asian emigration increased in Australia. By 1983 Australia's immigration population was 60% Asian.

Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs
 * The US serves as the world leading defender of democratic and capitalistic values.
 * Truman wanted to direst against communist pressure for the people of Greece and Turkey. He extended the Marshall plan to further help the Western European nations to rebuild their economy against communism.
 * US's foreign policy continued having a wide bipartisan agreement for many decades.
 * Cold war led to changes of the federal government policies, Defense department, Central Intelligence Agency, and Strategic Air Command. It was created to defend against the Soviets.
 * The US helped the South Koreans to resist the communist North. They invaded the North to try to fix it and in 1953 there was a new boundary line between the two nations.
 * In the 1950s, Eisenhower wanted to kept the Soviets under control by maintaining large peaceful military forces.
 * They build allies with almost all nation around the Soviet Union to surround it.
 * The US was not able to intervene with Central America suspecting of communism.
 * In the 1960s the US containment policy tried to contain the intervention against communist revolutionaries in Vietnam. Troops were sent to Vietnam. By the 1975, US withdrew from communist hands.
 * After the Vietnam war, there were policies of reassessment in the US.The national mood was sobered but its policy change did not ensue.
 * In the 1980s, the US saw no new major international involvement, but several raids against the suspected terrorists in the Middle East. Regan sponsored weapons and the Afflicted Soviet economy system collapsed.
 * Bush continued to have interventionist policy by going to Panama. Clinton continued military action agianst the Balkans in the 1990s.

Trace developments for women in the post war West
 * it led to new working patterns of women by increasing factory and clerical jobs and continued to grow in the early 1950s and onwards in Canada, US, and western Europe. (They were paid less) Many women wanted to have a job for personal or family income. Most women were clergy people.
 * By 1970s there was a 44% increase in the female sector of the labor force. Teenage employment dropped in girls, who stayed in school.
 * Women had other new rights. Women had voting rights in western Europe. There were also gains in higher education and most people stayed away from "men" subjects.
 * Women had more family rights in the increase of divorce, abortion laws eased, new birth control methods and the separation of sex and procreation.
 * There were new issues with the role of women. Western birth increasing declined. Women wanted higher income for high consumer goods. children were increasing gong to day care.
 * American adults from 1950s and 1980s concentrated on shared enjoyment between husbands and wives.
 * Women worked outside of the family and more divorced.
 * There was a new surge of feminist protest caused by the new activities and continuation of limitations.
 * **New feminism** took shape in 1949, with many books write. New feminism emphasized for more equality based on the meaning of male and females. Not all people embraced the ideas of the new feminism movement.
 * In the late 16th there was a press for articulated and ptomotion of new expectations and ongoing inequalities in genders.
 * In the late 20th century there was an urge forwomen identity.

Outline cultural developments in Europe.
 * There was a shift to the US, since New York repalced paris as the unternational style.
 * In the ealier 20th century, the U.S. often had the most art and cutting edge technological developments as Europe was just a contributor. Europeans dominated in artistic films.
 * America specialized in economics and social history was very important.
 * Western society had more vitality in popular culture than intellectual. (With tvs and music) European music was becoming for Americanized.
 * The US and Europe had a changing sexual behavoir with many young people have an increasing acceptance towards experimentation.
 * The Cultural infleunce was at an all-time high.