The+World+Economy

The single determinism is technological as a basic to social change. The invention of Greek fire allowed the Byzantine Empire fend off the Arab invasions. With technology like gunpowder and guns allow people of Europe to became powerful. They conquered new regions of America attacking them with military technologies with success. The empires in America like the Aztecs had darts, arrows, and obsidian sharps that had no chance against guns. Social: cultures more adavance military The people of Europe desired to find a way to circumvent the Muslim center to prevent warfare to Asia. The European did not know the world was round, which caused them to America thinking it was Asia. They sailed to east thinking they would fall to the other side of Asia. (People like Christopher Columbus) They were unaware of this discrepancy since the Americas had many of the luxurious items of that people of Asia had trade to Europe.
 * In Depth Questions**

__**Notes on 350 to 359**__

//**The West's First Outreach: Maritime Power**//

__Main Idea__: The Europeans had an interest in Asian exports and more efforts to expand. (Ignoranance)

__3 Points__:
 * European leaders (princes and clergy) became increasing aware of the larger word since 1100., with the Crusades knowledge of the Islamic economy and goods. The Mongols spread interest to Europe. The upper class were accustomed to imported products from southern Asia and India like spices. (Mainly Italy)
 * European traders were disadvantages, they were ignorant of the wider world. They thought the world was flat and lost interest in settlements on Greenland and Iceland.
 * 1291 onwards, their was a more consistent effort at expansion by the Europeans. They were feared from the strength of he ottoman Empire and the lack of gold they had to pay for Asian Imports. The Europeans had limited, poor naval fleets.


 * New Technology: A Key to Power**

__Main Idea__: There was a series of technological improvements in the 15th century:

__3 points__:
 * Better sailing ships, compasses/ other navigational devices,
 * Knowledge of explosives like gunnery from China, European metalwork for cannon and gun.
 * The west forged a military advantage over all other world civilizations, retain into the 20th century. (Lead to a big expansion)


 * Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack**

__Main Idea__: From Portugal there were initiatives for discoveries/ expeditions in the Atlantic location

__4 points__:
 * Henry the Navigator lead a series of expeditions along the African coast/ (around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488) in the 15th century in hopes to find India. The Spanish reached India in 1498 and thought the Indians were Christian from their temples were churches and traded some crude goods for some spices.
 * The Portugal had annual voyages to Indian Ocean, one went to Brazil and reached to China and Indonesia and even to Japan. The Portuguese desired riches and missionaries.
 * The Italian navigator **Christopher Columbus** accidentally reached America instead of India. Amerigo Vespucci named the new world. A Spanish expedition lead by **Ferdinand Magellan** in 1519 around the world.
 * They held the Philippines and various Pacific islands.


 * Northern European Expeditions**

__Main Idea__: Explorations passed to northern Europe like France and England in the later 16th century.

__6 points__:
 * The Spanish already made gains. The protestants in Britain and Catholic Holland designed/ improved in there oceanic vessels. (Lighter, faster) The Britain won a historic sea battle over Spain in 1588.
 * The English tried to find a route to China in 16th century. (A quest for profit.)
 * French explorers crossed the Atlantic in 1524 and established Canada and further the Great lakes regions and the Mississippi valley.
 * The British had a brief expedition to America in 1497, trying to find India 16th. The 17th century worked to colonize the east..
 * Holland had some land in North America. The Dutch sailed to southeast Asia and gained control of Indonesian islands and a relay station in the southern tip of Africa.
 * The **Dutch East India Company** were companies controlled by the government to monopolies trade. They were not highly supervised and raised lots of money. They acted as independent governments. There was a **British East India Company**

//**Toward a World Economy**// __Main Idea__: Europe's new maritime activity lead to the creation of international exchanges of food, diseases, and manufactured products; the forming of a more inclusive world economy, and the economy; and the opening of some parts of the world to Western colonization.


 * The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food**

__Main Idea__:Disease and food was spread from the extension international contracts.

__3 points__:
 * Millions of Native Americans were victims that had Afro-Eurasian like smallpox and measles. In the 16th and 17th centuries died in large number. (Half the native population and 80 percents) The Americas were new populated by own citizens and slaves from Africa.
 * During these 150-years periods the Polynesians and Pacific Coast people had devastating deaths in the 18th century.
 * New World crops spread rapidly by western merchants, like corn and sweet potatoes to China, the Mediterranean and Africa.New crops triggered local agricultural improvements like large population. (30% of foods originate in America.
 * The trade of animals with cattle and horses introduced into the New World.
 * The West's Commercial Outreach**

__Main Idea__: Europeans didn't displace Asian shipping (like Japan and China) or completely monopolize the Indian Ocean.

__3 points__:
 * Very few European bases on the east side of Africa, Muslims remained active and commence towards the Middle East. They had a greater deal in oceanic shipping, it increased Europe's overall profits and their ability to create the framework of international trade. With battle if **Lepanto** in 1571).
 * There was limited inland conquest in Africa and Asia, but seek a network of secure harbor. It provided contract with overland traders and access to in and goods.
 * European influence lead ti the formation of special Western enclaves in existing cities. Western Merchants won special legal rights. (like with the Ottoman, Japan and dutch traders.)


 * Imbalances in World Trade**

__Main Idea__: There was an active competition in world trade within the European nations themselves.

__3 points__:
 * Spain briefly dominated from silver but lacked good banking. England's, France's, and Holland's merchants had a firmer status. Western European quickly expanded its manufacturing operation for a margin of profit.
 * The dominant core nations supplemented their growing economic prowess with self-servicing political policies. Doctrines of mercantilism supported exports and protected home markets. Tariff polices discouraged colonial areas manufacturing but home-based manufacturing.
 * Africa was a slave supplier and the european controlled comercial and shipping serives.


 * A System of International Inequality**

__Main Idea__: A major factor in world economic relationships was the rise of the dependent economic core zones.

__3 points__:
 * Some dependent participinating regions made a profit, people like African slave traders and rulered taxed the trades. Indigenous Latin American merchants maintianed a regional food requirement.
 * In international markets, many peasants remained untouched.Wealth was gained by the europeans, the indigenous people didn't stimulate local manufacturing or general economic advances.
 * World economy helped to form a coercive labor system. The indigenous population was exploitation, slaves were used to produce cheap products. Peasants were forced in the Dutch East and English India companies.


 * How much in the World Economy**

__Main Idea__: Many parts of the world remained politically and economically outside of the worlds economy until the 18th century.

__6 points__:
 * East Asia civilizations remained concentrated on consumption and regional commerce. China was uninterested in international involvement. (They wre powerful enough to keep European in check)
 * In Portuguese Macao there was limited trade. European desired Chinese manufactured goods. (Traded with American silver)
 * Japan was had early openness from missionary activity and military technology but lost it.
 * In the 17th to 19th century the most contract was prohibited.
 * Mughal India, the Ottoman Empire, and Safavid Persia allowecd minimal trade with European but concentrated on their own internal development.
 * Russia and Africa did not participate in the slave trade and outside of the interational economy.

Notes on the rest of the chapter

**__Early Patterns of Colonization in the Americas and Africa__**
 * **Spain and Portugal in the Americas:**


 * Spain was the first to colonize with the west Indian islands after Columbus's first voyages in Hispaniola then Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico.
 * In 1509 the Spanish started to settle on mainland in search for gold. The first colony was Panama by Vasco de Balboa
 * There were many expeditions in Central America and a separate one for Cuba to conquer the Aztecs in Mexico. In 1531, they conquered the Inca in the Andes.
 * From this several colonial expeditions, there was a spread in Colombia, other parts of the Andes portions of Argentina.
 * Expansion was from many adventurers like Fransisco Pizarro, one of the first to come America in 1502 and settle on Hispaniola. In 1528 he returned to Spain and was the one to conquer the Inca. He founded Lima Pizarro was assassinated in 1541 by a group of Inca Rebels.
 * Settlers were ruthless for gold, were substantial to Indian population, exacted tributes without imposing much administration.
 * There were active missionary efforts to Christianize the native people.
 * The Latin Americans had tobacco, sugar, and cotton that made it great profit. They used many slaves og estates to import these luxury products.
 * Both transferred key ideas of Western patterns, marriage, children/ family and politcally. ||
 * **The British and French in North America:**

The development of the world economy lead to more commercial production It effected daily life in Europe, high-valued and expensive sugar became a commodity. World trade became more manufacturer economy, wealth and capitalistic with the African slave trade. It increase tax revenue and reduced its dependence on agriculture. It increase unfree labor systems. Latin America was highly populated by slaves and also highly profitable economy.
 * They colonized later to America then Spain.
 * The French explored along the St. Lawrence River in Canada, leading to small colonies around Quebec. Explorations were done in the Mississippi River basin in 1608 and on.
 * Early in the 17th century, English and Dutch moved into portions of the Atlantic coastal regions. Three counties and the West Indies Island was seized for the slave trade.
 * English colonizes along the Atlantic received religious refugees. (Settlement of New England)
 * Governmental grants for land were major proprietors like William Penn to recruit settlers.
 * The English took over New York in 1664 from the Dutch.
 * The French government under Louis XIV, launched the first substantial settlement. French peasants were forced to emigrate and go under a type of manorial estate.
 * In 1755, New France was extremely durable, they had high birth rates and population of about 55,000. There strong organization of Catholic church.
 * Britain fought French over land in the Seven Years War. The French lost there colonies and signed the Treaty of Paris was in 1763. The French gained West Indian sugar Islands and African trading post. The British controled Canada and the Mississippi Basin.
 * After the 1776 revolution, Canada was changed to a English-speaking nation.
 * There was a lesser interest of the colonial holding by the West in 17th and 18th century.
 * The Dutch were more attached to their Asian colonies. The British and French value there holding in North american them the west Indies. Timber and furs were not of high value, but some merchants and manufacturing activities emerged.
 * Settler continued as Indian population declined through warfare and disease. natives were pushed westward.
 * Colonies were avid consumers of political theory in Europe. in the late 18th century, Americans traded with the Chinese for the merchant class. They embraised western values, in Canada they were influenced by native Americans. The did not combine/forge a new cultural grouped.
 * By the 18th century, the English colonies widely used slaves and they populated 23 percent of the colonies. ||
 * **African and Asian trading stations:**
 * European was most contented with small coastal fortresses, negotiating with African kings and merchants. Europeans didn't reach the interior
 * Except, Portugal sent expeditions into Angola to search for slaves and southwestern Africa. Cape Colony was most important by the Dutch in 1652. (For Dutch ships bounded to Asia)
 * Dutch farmers (Boers) were sent to regions that fanned out large farms still lightly populated by Africans. The Boeres settlement conflicted with the Bantu farmers, there was a big feud. (Settled in the 20th with South Africa.)
 * European colonies set up administratio for the Phillippines with christian missionaries.
 * The Dutch East India company administered the main islands of indonsia and Taiwan.
 * the British and French struggled for control for india in the late 17th century. (the Mughla weakened, regional power strengthen.)
 * British and French: The British East India Company had a station at Calcutta and superior military power/ communication. The French were more interested in missionary work and less governmental-influence.
 * The British gained control of Ceylon
 * In the 18th century, British took more control over Indian administration, but the Mughal and regional princes were in power. The British government alliances with the princes. ||