India

There was intra-European slaughter that severely disrupted the systems of colonial dominance for four years. It expanded and refined the century that lead up to the World War I. __The years before the war lead to the development in India of the largest industrial sector in the colonized world. It led to resistant forces that began well up in the decades before the war.__ The Europeans constantly quarreled over colonial possessions in the late 19th century, in the World War I. The West got African and Asian soldiers and laborers of hundreds in the the wars in Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and east Africa. The colonies also supplied food and raw materials like oil, jute, and cotton for the home Triple Entente powers. British encouraged the idea of expansion of industrial production in India to supply to overextended home factories. World War I presented subjugates Africans and Asians who were first to kill Europeans by other European officers. It caused tthe idea that the Europeans were vulnerable to often seem very invincible and the deep division between the starkly revealed.The European troops in the colonies were withdrawn to meet the need for manpower on the many war fronts, it was dangerously understaffed. The British and French colonies were incline to fill their vacated posts with first time African and Asian administrators. Western-educated elite made promises to new and traditional allies to after the war. (They repeated them) There was a lot of postwar agitation against the continuance and spread of European colonial domination with the betrayal of the pledges. After social and economic disruptions caused by the war, colonies like Egypt India, and the Ivory Coast biult a mass base for their anti-colonial movement. In other areas the war gave way to move forward the processes already in placed rather than starting a new one. __It was a broad pattern of African and Asian nationalist agitation and the phenomnon of decoloization worldwide.__
 * Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order**

The movements for independence occurred earlier in the Asia than Africa. The Western-educated minority of colonized India and the Philippines organized politically for decades by the 19th century. In other places in Burma and the Netherlands Indies also formed associations that voiced their concern in politics. __The Indian nationalist movement was the first to pattern the nationalist challenge and European retreat that was followed by many other colonies, also Egypt was an influential center.__ Local conditions in other places made an important variations on the sequence of decolonization. It was important to have charismatic leaders in the spread of anti-colonial struggle to the peasant and urban masses and reliance on nonviolent forms of protest. __**The National Congress party** governed India and led to their independence.__ It grow from regional associations of Western-educated Indians and were centered in Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras.The Congress party were blessed from some high-ranking British officials.For the first decades it served these purposes of potential discontent and political protest. The organization had no mass base and very few ongoing staff members or full-time politicians who sustained lobby efforts on issues raised at the annual meetings. Some members worried about the growing poverty of Indian masses and the drain of wealth from the subcontinent to Great Britain. Elite-centric issues dominated government, with removal of barriers to Indian employment in colonial bureaucracy and increased Indian representation in all-Indian and local legislative bodies. Most of the earlt members of the Indian representation were firmly loyal to British government. Many Western-educated Indians were increasingly troubled by the growing virulence of British racism. It had much to do with Indians poor salaries and limited opportunities to advance. __The Indians' shared grievances, similar educational and class backgrounds, and growing contacts gave way to a rise in the sense of first common Indian identity that was more diverse linguistically, religiously, and ethnically than the continent of Europe.__ The Europeans often felt superior to other nations like in South America. Since they came from Europe, they were better than the South Americans.
 * India: The Making of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj:**

Western-educated elites began to hope for causes that could draw much of the Indian population into their growing nationalist community. After a century of British rule, areas of India had many nationalist campaigns from social and economic disruptions and discontent. (supported by Indian businessmen) The British thought it would be too high of a price to rebuttal the nationalist thinkers. A large portion of India's budget was to cover the expenses of a huge army that fought in the British Empire. The Indians paid a generous salary and pension to replacement British administrators.When it was possible, their was a purchase of railway equipment or steel for public works projects, goods from Britain. It buttress the British economy. The classical colonies had a dependencies on European's raw material. __The shortcomings of British rule was apparent in the Indian villages by the last decades of the 19th century.__ They pushed Indian peasantry towards the production of cash crops like cotton, jute, and indigo. Radical Indian nationalists always charged the British for its callously indifferent to the suffering caused by the food shortages and epidemic diseases and sufferings. British measures were too late and little to control indebtedness and protect small landlords.
 * Social Foundations of A Mass Movement**

__The issues of Indian nationalist leaders stressed early attempts to build a mass base of Devout Hindus.__ There was campaigns for protection of cows. The religious-oriented caused the strong alienation of other faiths like the Muslims. (They had up one fourth of the Indian population. Leaders like **B. G. Tilak** had little concern by the split, since the majority of the population were Hindus, appeals were only appeal to Hindu religiosity. He wanted to restore and revival of ancient traditions of Hinduism like women /low marriages. Godly festivals into political demonstration, boycott of British-manufactured goods, and refuse colonial administration and military. He wanted full independence. T__ilak was the first Indian nationalist leader with a genuine mass following__. His popularity was only at Bombay and nearby areas in western India. The British were uneasy about his radical demands and mass appeals, so they arrested and imprisoned him. He had a damping effect on the mass movement her began. There were Hindu communalists that advocated violent overthrow of the colonial regime. By the last decade of 19th century, there was an extensive underground network of Bengalis and clandestine operations. The British officials and governments buildings were the major targets, but the also struck European civilians and collaborators among the Indian population. The terrorist were small in number and limited support, they were vulnerable to British repressive measure. __Tilak's removal and repression campaigns strengthened the hands of moderate political of Congress party before the war.__ Western-education Indians lawyers became the dominant force in nationalist politics. There were many people who sought for civil obedience. The **Morley-Minto reforms** of 1900 provided educated Indians to consider expanding opportunities to both and serve in local and all-Indian legislative councils. The sense of nationalist that started in nations around the world.
 * The Rise of Militant Nationalism**

__After the outbreaks of the World War I, the British took great conform in which people of the empire railed their defense.__ The Indians were critical in the role of British war efforts. Indian princes offered war loans and Indian soldier, and nationalistic leaders. After much deaths, there was signs of unrest spreading in the subcontinent. __Wartime inflation affected all of Indian population.__ Indian peasants were angry from price of their market produce. The peasants got poorer and suffered famine which their bosses grew stronger. By the end if the war in 1918, moderate Indian politicians were mad that the British refused to kept their wartime promises. They promised for a stead to self-government within the empire once conflicts were over. Their hopes were for these fulfillments of these promises were raised by the **Montagu-Chelmsford reform**s in 1919, it increased the power of Indian legislators. In the same year, the **Rowlatt Acts** placed severe restriction on Indian civil rights. This fueled local protest. __**Mohandas Gandhi** emerged as the new leader to sustain all-India campaign against policies of the colonial overlords.__ Gandhi had an appeal to masses and Western-educated nations politicians due to a combination of factors. Gandhi stressed nonviolent but aggressive protest tactics. He advocacy of peaceful protests is called **satyagraha** or the truth strength. It greatly weakened British control. He had inner confidence and moral purpose and was a Western-educated lawyer with ideas of Hindu ascetic and guru. Gandhi was known outside of India. Gandhi's protest increased the involvement of Indian people in anti-colonial resistance. Gandi's widespread popularity gave him an even greater influence among nationalist politicians. __The Nationalist protest surged in India during the 1920s and 1930s under Gandhi's leadership.__ Gandhi influenced other civil right movements/ leaders like Martin Luther King who used civil disobedience to stop discrimination.
 * The Emergence of Ghandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle**

There was an end to the accommodation between the Indian National Congress and the British in the late 1930s. The Congress leaders wanted more shared power to all-India level, but it was rejected by Winston Churchill and Indian viceroy. The coalitions government's labour members were willing to negotiate India's eventual independence. Tension built, Indian divisions and British intransigence lead to the collapse of a deal and renewal the mass civil disobedience under the guise of the **Quilt Indian movement** beginning in the summer of 1942. The British arrested masses and repressed the nation. (Gandhi was arrested) The **Muslim League** rallied with the British. It was led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who won much favor from the British for its wartime support. __The link between the British, Jinnah, and other Leagues became the major struggle for decolonization in south Asia__. __World War II brought disruptions to India.__ Inflation led to urban unrest and widespread famine in 1943 and 1944, transportation shortages and engendered much of rural India. Winston Churchill in 1945 brought Labour government to power to deal with India's nationalist leaders. Between 1945 and 1947, decolonization focused on the borders of the states of the subcontinent after the British withdrawal. The Muslim minority rallied to create a Muslim states called Pakistan. The communal riots started throughout India, British and key Congress party politicians show it could only work the creation of two nations in he subcontinent. It split in the summer of 1947, where Jinnah became the first president of Pakistan. The British withdrew their forces from deeply divided areas. __There were vicious Hindu-Muslim and Muslim-Silk communal riots led to the deaths of hundreds thousands of people in the plains of the northwest India.__ This led to the massive exchange between Hindus, Sikh, and Muslin areas. Most that migrated gave up their land and worldly processions. Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948, to longer provided guidance. The British granted the independence to Indian and removed keystones from the arch of the empire that spanned three continent, Burma and Ceylon won their independence in the following their independence. There were successful struggles for independence in Ghana, Nigeria, and other African colonies in the 1950s and 1960s. The retreat of imperial powers led to the contribution to the weakening of lesser empires like the Dutch, French, and Americans. The Philippines were granted rapid independence after World War II.The Dutch fought a losing war to Indonesia from 1945 to 1949.The French struggled to kept Indochina. Communist revolution occurred in east Asia and emerged victorious in the postwar period. The fights for independence is similar to the fights of independence/revolution in Atlantic. There was so much tension between the Americans and British in the American Revolution. It was embraced the ideas of the Enlightening movement. There were several riots. Winston Churchill like King George tried to enforce the law to the colonized area. Martin Luther King's death is similar Gandhi's death they were both killed for their cause for change.
 * The Winning of independence in the South and Southeast Asia**

2. Complete a leadership analysis of Gandhi

Leader Analysis Sheet India was still in control by the British. The Indians were critical of the role of British war efforts. India gave war loans and Indian soldiers, and nationalistic leaders. It led to much death and unrest spread in the subcontinent. Wartime inflation greatly affected Indian population. The Indian peasantry got much poorer and suffered famine. At the end of the war in 1918m Indians politicians were mad at the British since they refused to allow stead self-government within the empire. Without the fulfillment of these promises it led to the raise of the Montagu-Chelmsford in 1919. For the want to increase power in Indian legislative. There were many other reforms like the Rowlatt Acts placed severe restriction on Indian civil rights. Local protest was fueled. Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the new leader to sustain all-India campaign against polies of the colonial overlords. || The ideology of satya (truth) and ahimsa (Non-violence). He partly took from Bhagavad Gita, the Jain religion, teachings of Leo Tolstoy, and Hindu beliefs. He emphasized the primacy of morality. He had little sympathy for detached epistemology that is not grounded in morality but, pretend to transcend morality. He also put an emphasis on integral, mutually reinforcing relationship between means and ends. One cannot use impure or immoral means to achieve worthy goals. He thus rejected utilitarianism. Gandhi’s described himself as a “pragmatic idealist”, thus he focused on the results. He opposed any abstract, formalistic, universal, decontexualised approaches to particular situations. Gandhi had views of phenomenology and hermeneutics, relativism, anti-essentialism, and postmodernism. Movements towards action-oriented, cooperative, mutually reinforcing efforts. || Gandhi fought defending his country and his people’s rights. He was a successful lawyer in South Africa. He became the leader of the Indian movement in 1920. In 1930, Gandhi led a 200 miles Salt Satyagraha, march so that the people of India could make and gather their own salt. This was done to prevent India from buying salt from the British. Gandhi also launced the Quilt India Movement in August 1942 for immediate independence. Gandhi had a protest of a 21 day fast against the war between the Muslims and the Hindus. He also protested against Great Britain no allowing India to be free. India became independent on August 15, 1947. || With national campaign: Eased poverty Expand women’s rights Built religious and ethnic amity End untouchability Increased economic self-reliance. || __Long-Term Effects__ Gandhi’s ideas led to other civil disobedience leaders like Martin Luther King that led to stop segregation in the South. He had political and media influence. Nelson Mendela. He brought together the Hindus in India in a positive and non violent manner. Impact within India: There are temples in India dedicated to Gandhi, one in Sambalpur and Chikmagalur. Gandhi’s birthday on October 2nd national holiday; his assassination day on January 30th is observed. India became independent. ||
 * Name of Leader: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ||
 * Lifespan October 2, 1869 to January 30, 1948 || Title: The pre-eminent political and ideological leader during the Indian independence movement ||
 * Country/region: India || Years in Power: 1915-1948 ||
 * __Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power__
 * __Ideology, Motivation, Goals__:
 * __Significant Actions & events During Term of Power__
 * __Short-Term effects__:

3. Indian Identity An important theme in Indian independence is the idea of Identity. Different identities played a role in the British decision to partition India.

Before developing connections between Nationalism and identity brainstorm answers to the following questions.

·  What is an Identity? Identity is the state of remaining the same one or ones, as under varying aspects or conditions or the condition of being oneself or itself, and not another. ·  How are our identities formed? Identities are formed through interactions with others and major experiences/events. ·  How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others? ·  What is conformity? Conformity is the state of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to an individual [perceives is normal of their society or social group. ·  How does a society decide who belongs and who does not? Traits which are harmful and disruptive to the groups sense of “normal” or “predictable” behavior, like gender roles. ·  How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking? Attitude/feeling represents a like or dislike for something. Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true. People put their thinking to fit their attitudes and beliefs. ·  What does it mean to belong to a group? This allows a group member to gain positive value from membership of their group. It provides a boost in positive esteem if it can make positive comparisons to other group. Each group has their different beliefs and attitudes. ·  How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined? A member is a person who belongs to a social group or group like a nation who belongs to another group like an alliance. Membership is defined by the people in the group.

When you have completed the answers to the questions above, copy your answers and the questions (minus the ? mark) and paste them into a wordle. Put this wordle onto your wiki. Under your India page. media type="custom" key="8855062" width="560" height="560"

Next Complete an Identity chart for yourself based on your own interpretation of identity. The following link gives you an example of this. You could use mindomo.com or bubbl.us (bubbl = simple!) Identity Map Example <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">