Early+Modern+Period

Early Modern Period


 * Summary: Between the 1450’s to the 1750’s there were major changes in the world map and trade.** __New empires developed, replacing smaller political units.__ Several European countries acquired oversea empires. New land-based empires arose in Asia and Eastern Europe. The Russian and Ottoman Empire extended over these areas. From 1450, __international trade focused on exchanges among Asia, Africa, and Europe__ on some overland and seaway routes (Indian Mediterranean).By 1750, the ongoing ocean routes of the Pacific and Atlantic became more increasingly important. America and the Pacific Oceania wee in global exchange. **Several developments marked the beginnings of the early modern period**. T__here was a revival in empire building;__ the Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire with Constantinople and beyond. Soon the Muslim power became in charge of the Great Christian cities and territories. Christians turned to new activities to compensate for lose influences and territories. Also there was a __steady progression of exploration of the Atlantic coast of Africa by the Europeans__ who wanted to find way to trade with East Asia. __There were new military technologies.__ European mariners used navigational; devices like compasses and designed better sailing ships. Gunpowder and guns became the most important and new development. Guns played a vital role in the creation of new empires on land and oversea. These developments lead to a __new fortified global economy__ (America), __biologically a new exchange in food, animals, and people__, __and new, larger empires based on guns emerging__. There exchanges like agriculture of new foods to Europe, increasing their population. Europe brought diseases to America, high level of death. (Animals like horses.) Large political units were formed from gunpowder empires. In India, the Middle East, southeastern Europe, Russia, new empires challenged imperial political traditions. Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands had pressure on their new oversea holdings. Europe became the power and wealthiest. __Culturally there was no major change__, Islam and Christianity still continued to spread. There was not a major change in gender relations like the African slave trade. Besides the military technologies there were no major breakthroughs. There was an emphasis on political changes of the rise of empire. The changes greatly affected ordinary people. The Native Americans died in the thousands and the Chinese fell in poverty. Africans were seized to be slaves. People in this period were growing pressured to work hard since the modern world was increasingly commercial and crowded. New forms of race-based slavery increased. Child labor increased and older workers. People were compelled to product more product.

Franceso Pissazos/ mercentils go into America the Incas The Aztecs were unaware of the "White People" Spanish king was unitifed and had 1/3 of the European Mainland (very powerful weaponaries) Spanish Horse riding: grace Production of steel (Spain was leading steel productors) They had duels, people would wear swords Nov 16, 1532 the attacks Courtese conquered the Aztecs European had press and (From cumicript) Eurasia (better geographically) west-east (America: North-South) Convert peacefully with religion but did not work Europeans were more resilent (contrat between farm animals and people)
 * Guns, Germs, and Steel (Doc) Notes**:

The World Economy Transformation of the West 1450-1750 Rise of the Russia Early Latin America Africa and Africans in Atlantic Slave Trade The Muslim Empires Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

Rival of European empire building Desire for asian goods like spices and clothes || __Religiously and economically the same__ They had beaucracy and monarchy Need expansion and population growth Christianity Commercial expedition || The native American population declined from European contract. bourbon Slave were used in later years Spread of America || __It had more contact__ with European traders and merchants The Iberian colonies influenced American colony life Indian American were caused to be slaves in enconmienda system. MesoAmerican Empires were crushed Christianity spread. gold and silver || Agricultural landscapes. Indigenous presentence || Samilar to Central south. || Like central/south America It __was being colonized__ by the Dutch, French, And British It was controled by the europhed their own government. establish and they || Social heirarchy based on race or wealth. Exploration of resources. || Population doubled The peasants started to rebel with rebellions like Pugachev || With leader like Catherine and Peter __was to become more westernized__ Expanded with nobility to search by giving land grants and cossacks. || __There continued to be heavily agricultural dependent.__ Serfdom was more prevalent feudalism appeals || Constant warfare to expand || Women conditions improved. military and expansion __Economy was geared more to warfare__. classes developed Imperial armies of Janissaries || They __remained Muslim__. Sunni and Shi'a Had Muslim culture || Mughal leaders tried to convert Indians to Islam. Similar like feudal system of warrior aristocracy Some women were given more of a change in poltics. || __The culture of India mostly remained the some.__ Many remained Hindu Women remained to have limited conditions. Had great arts and textile || Christianity was banned. They had a merchant class. || __They became more powerful__ in with ocean and military power Chinese currency was silver taels as taxes. There was still scholar gentry. || __They remained fairly isolated with less trade__. They were hostile towards the Europeans. Civil service exams || Two kingdoms Assant and domaney Silver and gold trade. || __The want for slaves__ In East Africa traded with Europeans to send trades to Europe and America colonies. West Africa traded with the Muslim empire to trade. || With the slave trade __their were no major gender roles that differed.__ Among rival regions/tribes were was contant war. || Few turned Christianity. || __They were for the most part isolationist.__ Had shogunates and bushi ||
 * Region || Major Events || Major Developments || Major Continuities ||
 * Western Europe || The Renaissance, Catholic Reform, Scienfic Revolution, and Enlightenment. Changing the way they thought. __Change in the Medival Activity thoughts Nature and thought than religion__. || __Started to expand more with the idea of__ merchantalism into Asia, Africa, and North America.
 * Central/South Americas || Plantations and estates were used for new crop
 * North America || Plantation and estate. It was colonized by the British, Spainish, Portugal.
 * Russia || Free from Mongol control 1480
 * Middle East || Ottoman's revivaled there empire
 * India || India became under Mughal || __There were improvements made but most were not long lasting__
 * China || Civil were still put into place.
 * Africa || The Europeans had more of trade with slaves, caused a decrease in population
 * Japan || The European influenced and helped them better their military and gunpowders. || They traded with Indians, the Chinese and such for __new goods__
 * Early Modern Period Summary**:

The Early Modern Era unified the world globally with the connection of Europe and other nations. Countries became economically and politically dependent on each other. People exchanged culture and religion. European expansion was revolved around the idea of mercantilism, idea of national endeavors. Europeans preserved much of their cultural ideas of Christianity and government. With movements of the Enlightenment, Catholic Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Great Awakening managed to redefine the European values. Due to the European’s interactions and exploitation of natives, the cultures and empires in South America Encomienda system and Sociedad de las casas caused suffering and many deaths in South America. The migration of high and low-class Europeans North American change, they reshaped and colonized native society. Social hierarchy was based on race. The colonies began developing a sense of self-identity. In both south and North America, natives remained present and agriculture was essential way of production. After Ivan gained Russian independence from the Mongols, he and other leaders like Peter and Catherin began the trends of westernization and land based expansion. Russia started to become commercially dependant on the west. Peasants remained improvise with selfdom and they still remained agriculturally dependent. During this time, the Ottomans and Safavids helped to maintain Muslim culture and intellectuals. These empires were geared towards warfare and expansion. The Mughal Empire started to control India in the 15th century. Like the ottomans and Safavids, they created new vigor for intellectual and technological achievement, making the Islamic world a major religion once again. During these time became more powerful in warfare and expansion. China’s ocean and military improved and they started to use silver taels and gold. China still had the scholar-gentry class and China remained pretty hostile towards outside influences especially Europeans. Africa was commercially successful for the fact that many European nations wanted goods, mostly slaves. It caused demographic changes of imbalanced gender ratios. Africa continued to practices of patriarchal societies, having little cultural exchange. Japan experienced both a renewal of interest in technology from the west. Like China they remained fairly isolated, first expecting European influenced. Then they completely shut them off.