Western+Europe


 * __Go to worldology and scroll through the maps starting at 490-600 (The Early Dark Ages) ending at 1240-1350 (Europe's Darkest Days) Take notes on the following__:


 * Impact of Christianity (480-600)**: The knowledge of Europe was large based off of Christian churches. Europe became more fragmented with less interactions in culture and in rulers uneducated tribal people. The clergy contributed to the deepen the dark age, they often supressed wordly knowledge and primariliy focused in their own religionioud doctrine. They were the most infleuntual force in the Medieval Europe with political advantages in geo-politcs. In Christianity, by appealing to church authority, the kings with absolute authority were able to further enforce their ruling. In the Frankish Kingdom, King Clovis converted to Christianity to boast their dominances through increasing influence with Romanizied Celt. They maintianed support from and close ties to the Catholic chruch.

Warm weather made in easier to travel long distances. Scandinavia began overpopulated and it could not support its population thought farming. Their culture or religion did not inhibit the discouragment of pillages. Scandinavia Vikings began to raid the unprotected coastal lands of Britian and the northern mainland. Monasteries were targeted and slaves were captured.
 * Reign of Charles Martel & Viking Raid (600-780)**: Charles Martel was the founder of the Caroligian Dynasty, expanding Frankish Empire to most of Europe and Germanic tribes. Martel first consolidatede Frankish power, becoming the more powerful kingdom.He poineered the the use of newly-adavanced stirrups that allowed soliders to be more effective and military advantages. It introduced the concepts of heavy infantry and permanent army in Medieval Europe.


 * The Rise of the Franks (755-850)**: Charlemagne helped to conquer regions and take over Northern Italy and Buffer region. They dissolved the Avar kingdom and liberated Rome from Lombard rule, cemented the Franks' status as the Protectors of Church. Allowed Jewish constituents: increased population[[image:http://tolmontstephane.ifrance.com/rois/charlemagne.jpg width="193" height="236" align="left" caption="Charlemagne, known as Europe's greatest Medieval king who helped to rise the power of the Franks by conquer"]]


 * Feudalism (840-967)**:Set of political and military customs/ obligation of warrior nobility, three groups the kings, Aristocratic landlords, and peasants/serfs. The peasants were very poor/ low on the feudal system, worked for land from Aristocrats. The poor were often taxed heavily when the country faced a burdened not the aristocrats. It was very unjust-iced.


 * Christianity and the High Middle Ages & Expansion of Holy Roman Empire (967 - 1060)**:
 * Europe in Chrisitanity dominated the continent, nations pledged to allegiance to papal authority. All barbaric people in Europe his Christianized.
 * Christianity Crusades expanded and revived interest in Asia with trade and Islamic enlighten-ment.
 * In the 11th and 12th century, the Europe Christianized increased to papal influence and snse of commonality.
 * Power of religion transcends nationalism and other loyalties.
 * Norway, Danish and Kievan Rus benefited from the shift of Christianity
 * Stated with Otto 1 the Great, German Emperor were coronated as Holy Roman Emperor exercised power over ecclesiastic authorities, appointing clergy, and even the pope. This enabled them to gain support for expansion into new territories. Otto 1 conquered Italy and established the Papal States having independence. The HRE was decentralized


 * Effects of the Crusades, Norman conquest of England and Magna Carta (1060-1240)**:
 * Persecution/ violence towards of Jews escalated in Europe, bringing more Anti-Semitism/ low religious tolerance
 * High death toll of Muslims and Christians.
 * Jerusalem was captured, Jews and Muslims were slaughtered. These events undermined church moral authority
 * Christians were distrusted since they were seen as a ruthless and exploitive group.
 * the crusades open the way for future Muslim Conquests, The Ottoman army. The crusades ripen the Byzantine empire for for destruction of the Ottoman Turks.
 * The crusade increase the knowledge of Europe by given more advanced knowledge from Asia. It brought cosmopolitan influence to Europe, (slightly leading to the Renaissance)
 * It became a short lived kingdom
 * (1066) After the Norman conquest, they became the ruling class in England.
 * (1215) The Magna Carta created a enforced and written law for citizens.
 * It gave people like English Nobles the reenforcement of certain rights
 * It furthered the political system of democracy

media type="custom" key="7512785" More trade goes to more people and less manorialism
 * Why the Golden Horde was able to dominate Europe and the Black Death Plague (1240 - 1350)**:
 * The Golden Horde was nomadic migrations and raids of the Mongols
 * They dominated Eastern Europe: They were forced west since their central home territory was unusually dry weather, moved to greener pasture for better trade.
 * They had superior military Technology in horsemanship skill and superior bows.
 * They strengthened their numbers/ increased their ranks going through conquered territories like Russia. Defeated people were forced to join and fight with them or die. (frightening power)
 * They became more sophisticated and wealthy in trading from Europe to Asia. Mongols learned science and government philosophies that enhanced their ability to diplomacy.
 * Europe was weaken in condition due to the Black Death plague.
 * It is said that the Mongols brought the Plague
 * [[image:http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:nyGycArRGFs-2M:http://i5.photobucket.com/albums/y189/mitchtanz/dukemichael1.jpg&t=1 caption="The Mongols' Golden Horde with skilled horseman, dominated Europe"]]
 * Manorialism**
 * Manorialism**

media type="custom" key="7512821" Wrong have to fix it vassal are nobility
 * Feudalism**

__**The Dark Ages Documentary Notes**__ __Before__: So many people died, bad times 410CE Rome falls, foreign invasion It was crushing. Arigculture burned Germanic slaves became the rulefare of the Roman. Algoric visgors: that launched his own campiagn based off of Roman war 410 Algoric died: further barbaric tribes Sacs, Germanic further invaded and was shattered Roman depended on Germanic armies, but more disliked/ subujated He and his men blockaded the empire, preventing food like grain from going in the empire. People were hungry and became to be subujated. died Emperor seized power were harsh and only care for personal interest smallpoxes and meedles diseases/ edepimics

__In the Dark Ages__: People lived in illiteratry, believed in superstition Civil life withered, population decreases lived in shags sewage broke People could see Roman life was better in the past. Life was in chaos and bad Petroic comprared into the early classical ages they were happy and luxuriously lived and now bad Politcal fragmented Church was unity nations with monks and monastries 496 Silent pay the Frank king Clovis is converts to Christianty from Pagean Clovis ruled a part of the old civilization invaded barbaric invasion Politcal problems lead to military problems Christianty was rapidly growing in the Dark ages since it was a religion of salavation Clovis always used war and voleince. Killed people Clovis would conquer a city and they/villiager would become his army. Clovis only let his son rule soveignty and killed his relatives Capturer were of ordinors Like a witchcraft trials in Salem water 511 Died unknownthe and unitied the barbaric tribe called the Franks empire 533 Bytazines were "new Roman" lead by Justinian to repeat the Roman empire and conquerthw lands Turkey and Egyupt were lived luxuriously Constantinople lived like Roman To raise his military forces to gain land Justinian was greed and cheap, people revolted and helped him under seized and destroyed the city Theodora was a preformer and changed the law of to marry her. She was an equal share hold. She was of the poorest of the poorest She told him to kill all his political enemies. Reconquered the west Italy, Africa and other Justinian builds well arigculture, the Hagia Sophia Church 542 His domain and Midterranean Sea was his Black plague half the population was killed and very deadly It was from May 542 People started to get it. Justinian had black plague and survived by had mental and 100 million to Britian and Ireland, ecomonically decreased 544 the black plague ended in Constantinople and more out breaks 580 Theodora died of cancer and Justinian died 17 years later and Roman could not be recaptured with insuffiant funds Europe ecomonical decreased and people began to farm for their ecomonical. Trade decreased Storyteller told of supernatural tales that Christianity was banned. People were seasonal workers produced work in farms Monastries political authority. Beeds writes history of England, Christian Monks was the most educationed Monks were the literature people since people out of this were not literature 500 Benedict Nuisare he was the 'healer'

Magna Carta Mark-Up media type="custom" key="7532915" Summary: The Magna Carta was slightly democratic, mainly monrachy charter made in England in 1215. It set an ideal law that all freemen have liberties in perpetuity. It was a religious charter, where clergymen granted/ give these liberties. It widely respected for their lives of people in the military service. Their inheritance was given the right of their property/ belongings and money for grieves. They were obligated to serve as a chivalrous knight if under aged and their property would looked after by a clergymen for free.This created an everlasting amount of knight. (Except for inheritance of honor) Marriage was not emphasis like in Justinian book of people. Women had marital/ inheritance rights but were still unequally treated to men. People who could not pay off their land, would have their land confiscated. In court, people were treated to a fair trial that in previous law. Convicted had to come with evidence and there was a separation of state and federal court (supreme). People are tried equally except for the clergymen.Dead people with debt, effects their family's, they do not get the person's will. People are encouraged not to steal from another, if they do they will have to pay the other. Many English customs later became American customs. The Magna Carta used feudalism and did not apply to non-Christians. This charter is held to be right and not to be challenged. Promoted Feudalism serfs, military services.

** ESPIRIT Chart ** You must include main ideas and details in each category

Civilization/Nation/Group: __Europe__

Time Period: __Middle Ages, 550Ce to 900__


 * E || The early Middle ages, the economy lacked towards the mid Middle ares economical life improved. In the end the economy suffered and weaken.
 * Manorialism formed after lacked political structure and declined in trade
 * By the 900, Western society was clear political and cultural repercussion
 * Agricultural growth with culture
 * Urban population growth encouraged further economic innovation, by the 13th century (5%)
 * Their were new markets for growing trade promoted town expanded
 * More commercial with Hanseatic League encourage with it.
 * Guild promoted agriculture, serfs, federal system. (Trade with the sea, four nations)
 * Trade companies were reiable than merchants.
 * Crusades and viking invasions decreased the economy status
 * After the 1300, there was an economic distress and demonstrated weakness of feudal order and agriculture could not support population.
 * Britian, northern Germany, France and low countires were capitalitic ||
 * S || There was social class in political systems like Feudalism and Manorialism, where serfs were the lowest. Women remained in a patriarchy society with limited roles.
 * Holy Roman Empire were the top of the leaders
 * Social deprecation, serfs were ordered to pay more
 * Social class between serfs, vassals, and higher lords in Feudalism[[image:http://www.medievalresources.com/images/feudal_wupv.gif width="184" height="189" align="right" caption="Feudalism"]]
 * Serfs lived difficult lives, with a limited agricultural equipment and low productions. They had many obligation to their lords with part of their crops and days of labor.
 * Serfs were not slaves. Some serfs escaped landlord control to give more disorder in early Middle Ages.
 * There was a struggle between landlord and peasants. Landlord wanted high revenues and Peasants wanted more freedom and control of land.
 * Women were still limited in roles, they remain vital to families in a patriarchal structure.
 * Spiritual equality remained important and alternative to marriage
 * Female religious figures provided positive roles models for women
 * The landlords and peasants, and artisans and their employees intensified.
 * Aristocrats retreated to ceremonial style of life emphasizing chivalry. ||
 * P || Christianity took over main authority of the land and weaken in the end of the Middle ages. New charters lead to control over authority.
 * Local Manorialism system, between landlords and their peasants, serf.
 * Europe was Christendom, where the Roman pope was top authority, next regional churches/ bishops, and then local priests.
 * Political leader Clovis converted to Christianity, giving him a vague dominion over Frank.
 * 6th century, feudalism developed with military elites, greater lords providing protection to lesser lords.
 * Leaders like Charlemagne extended their control with feudalism
 * William the Conqueror merging feudal and central government
 * Western Europe remained politically divided, where church limited government
 * In 1215 was created in the Magna Carta to limit the monarchy control lead to the parliament
 * Balance of power when towards state from church
 * Political marriages were a way for connecting Political boundaries.
 * Language for interaction, Europe. (declined) ||
 * I || Through the middle ages there were many invasion, feuds and wars for land between regional monarchies. After the wars, epidemic further losses population.
 * England and counties were invaded by Scandinavia Viking/ Normandy Conquest.
 * In the 8th century, the Carolingian was a new family that took over northern France, Belgium and western Germany. Charles Martel defeated the Muslims in the battle of Tours in 732 and extended Carolingian strength. Charlemagne established a substantial empire in France and Germany in 800. when he died in 814, the empire divided into three portions [[image:http://souklaye.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/charles-martel.jpg width="170" height="341" align="right"]]
 * Europe consisted of regional monarchies competed for land.
 * In the 10th century, the Germanic and northern Italy became the Holy Roman emperors
 * Contacts between countries brought knowledge of new crops.
 * William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066.
 * Hundred Year war; conflicts between the French and English
 * The Christian crusades set Muslim out of the Holy Land
 * Mongolian invasion with Golden Horde.
 * 1348, Black Death epidemic lead to further losses.[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Thetriumphofdeath.jpg/800px-Thetriumphofdeath.jpg width="240" height="171" align="right" caption="File:Thetriumphofdeath.jpg"]] ||
 * R || After the fall of Roman Empire, Christianity widely spread in Europe (Took over Europe)
 * People turned to Christianity for a sense of salvation during these times, spiritual.
 * There were many extensive missionary activity, religion was brought to northern and eastern Germany, beyond the borders of the previous Roman Empire and to Scandinavia by the 10th.
 * It directly competed with Orthodox missionary.
 * Christianity became central authority. Rulers, like Clovis converted Christianity from Pagan to 496CE.
 * Charlemagne restored church-based education
 * Church gave people a national identity, with separation of languages
 * Urban interest created new forms of religious life, with cathedrals
 * The catholic church went through several periods of decline and officials gave new spiritual vigor.
 * pagan practiced endured and blended into Christianity. ||
 * I || Throughout the Middle Ages intellectual developed but did not flourish.
 * Literacy spread in the urban atmosphere, new popular language, philisopical
 * the 11th century there became a new offering for universities in medicine and law
 * After 1000 philosophical people Peter Abelard became to theology faith and reason.
 * Debates flourished in the universities, opening intellectual
 * Medieval philosophy did encouraged scientific endeavor
 * Vernacular literature developed and incorporated theme. Courtly poet
 * Arabs influenced the Europe by Crusades scholaristicism
 * Preserve historicial text
 * Unversities were for church clergy ||
 * T || * The Middle ages mainly made agriculture and art/ architecture of technology.
 * The 9th century, a better plow called moldboards were made.
 * The three-field system help to lessen limit productivity.
 * New horse collars from military dominance
 * Religious ideas dominated in painting, more style
 * Roman model had Romanesque style. In the 11th century the Gothic style
 * Guilds were formed in similar occupation to regulate apprenticeship, maintain workmanship and discouraged innovations.
 * They did not high commercial methods like China
 * Clock making took up in many regions ||


 * __The Decline of Medieval Synthesis Notes__**
 * In France and England in 14th and 15th centuries, symptoms and larger difficulties caused by constant war. Hundreds Year War. It started the weakness of the French monarchy
 * In war, kings reduced their reliance on prancing forces of the nobility to pay for armies of their own.
 * New military methods unseated armored knights with bows and arrows and crossbows and challenged the monopoly of feudal lords, like seige of Paris in 1465.
 * The French won with Joan of Arc, who devastated and antifeudal innovations. (change)
 * About 1300 and on western vitality disspeared.
 * Medieval agriculture didn't keep up with population growth. Population declined and severe famines.
 * There were new available lands are not used up, there were no major new technological gains.
 * Black Death in 1348, challenged Europe's population and social structure.
 * New social disputes arose, heigtening tensions between peasants and ladlords, artisans and their employees.
 * In 16th century would begin new social structure in the west.
 * West's economy remained mostly the same, manufacturing and mining technology.
 * 150 to 200 years after 1300 from in western history to blur new problems and developments center stage.
 * Spiral decline of western civilization.
 * Decline of medieval society involved increasing challenges to several typical medieval instiutions.
 * 14th century, ruling medieval society class, land-owning aristocracy, began show signs of confusion. Its control of land and its military prowess, warfare.
 * Professional armies growth and new weaponry like cannon and gunpowder made traditional fighting methods fortified castle.
 * Nobility started to emphasize rich ceremonial syle of life with military expertise tournaments turning in competative games.
 * Chivarlry started, carefully controlled, polite behavior towards people like women.
 * Upper class became more cultivated like earlier Chinese and Muslim aristocracy.
 * Medieval values were losing hold without being replaced by new set of purpose.
 * Decisive shifts in the balance of church and state characterizing medieval life. French kings greatly influenced papacy after several decades in taxation disputes in 14th century. They relocated from Rome to Avignon. (French territory)
 * Rival claimants to the papacy confused issues further. Church weakened and a single pope returned to Rome.
 * The church lose it's grip on Western Religious life.
 * Church leaders neglected the spiritual side being occupied in political involvement.
 * Signs of intense popular piety continued to blossom and new religious groups formed in towns, devotion were partially separated from church institution.
 * Start of the 14th century popular hereisies series preached against hierarchical apparatus of the church for god's direct popular experience. New series of mainly women mystics, claimed to have direct, highly emotional contracts with Gods.
 * Medieval intellectual and artistic synthesis brokedown. After Aquinas's work, church officals were less tolerant of intellectuall daring and his work was declared heretical.
 * The blend of rationalism and religion no longer was feasible.
 * Some thinkers turned away from religion and this daring development time.
 * Art interest were realistic fruitful nature portrayals, it showed th shift away from medieval artistic standards.
 * Religious figures were less stylized, painters were more interested in human features.
 * Postclassical culture's various constraints prompted many western intecllectuals had different emphases.
 * New literature and art shaped from styles and subjects of postclassical centuries in Italy.
 * Middle Ages impled the lull, between Rome glories and glitter of more modern Europe.
 * Europe's backwardness and vulnerability
 * Middle ages growing dynamism, after 900 CE, gains in population, trade and cities, and intellectual activity.
 * Development set tone lasting for specifically medieval centuries.
 * Unversities and Gothic art enduredlegacy to western society.
 * Distinctine idea of government on Christian and feudal traditions. It constituted medivial contribution.
 * Europe and regions change their relationship, Europe gained strength.
 * middle Ages imitated technology to science to trade and consumption.
 * Medieval Europe unverisity may have had Arab origins.
 * During these perions of relative weakness, dynamism and capacity of valuable contributions.
 * Medieval Europe influenced other areas in Japan and west Africa in divided political rule, feudalism.
 * it is also seen in Europe, africa, Japan, and Russia.
 * Crusades revealed a distinctive expansionist spirit in Europe. Warrants attention had an aggressive interest in wider world than other emerging societues were demonstrated.

__**Western Europe Summary:**__ After the fall of the great classical empire of Rome fell, the Middle Ages atarted. It was also know as the Dark Ages where people started to decline in culture, economy, and social life. Europe fragmented into different tribal/ regional forces each of them wanting to gain land. The Frankish Empire first gained land in Europe and Germanic tribes with such leaders like **Charles Martel**. Then **Charlemagne** gain more land in Northern Italy and Buffer regions. In islands around coastal lands of Britain and northern mainland were invaded by Scandinavia vikings known as the Norman Conquest.There was less interactions in culture and most people were uneducated. Clergyman were the only educated people during this times. philosophers like Peter Abelard thought of theology of faith and reason. Middle Ages intellectuals did not flourish during this times. Christianity increasing grow in Europe, it was seen as a salvation for this hard times. Rulers, like **King Clovis** converted to Christianity to have their dominance. Marriages connect political boundaries. Europe's central authority was Christian also known as Christiandom. Otto 1, the German Emperor conquered Italy and established papal states called the **Holy Roman Empire**. It also directly competed with Orthodox. Political and economical systems like **feudalism** and **manorialism** regulated regions. Feudalism promoted social classes of knights, kings, aristocratic landlords and serfs. Serfs were regularly very poor and had obligations to his landlord. Knights had obligations to serve as guards or in military. They were not paid with money but land. Knights were later taught to be chivalrous and competed in games. Jews and Muslims were heavily persecuted in Christian dominant Europe, it started the Crusades killing many non-Christians. Places like England started a democratic monarchy based charter to enforce laws. The Mongols invaded and nomadic migrated Europe, was known as the Golden Horde. There were constant wars like the Hundred Years War between France and England. From this France's monarchy weaken. High tensions between peasants and aristocrats grew. . Towards the mid Dark Ages the economy slightly improved with growing trade, created guilds, agricultural growth, and population growth. Women remained in limited roles and were vital to families but there were many female religious figures. The Middle ages created architecture and agriculture lie the three-field system. Art shifted away from Medieval ideas and became more about human feature instead of stylized. This time developed the art form of Gothic with a Romanesque style .The weak Europe had many famines. The population declined since the agriculture could not support the large population. It was weaken even more when the Black Plague hit Europe through rats. It killed all most half the population. After the work of Aquinas, Christianity became to decrease, it was no long the central authority. In The early Dark ages lacked political structure and declined in trade Medieval Europe influenced other regions of the world like Japan, Africa, and Russia. After the 900CE Europe gained population, trade and cities, and intellectual life, thus ended the Dark Ages.