The+Muslim+Empires


 * ESPIRIT on Ottoman Empire**
 * E: Main Idea: The economy was geared to warfare and expansion. Trade and commerce flourished in Constantinople. Then the Ottoman lost dominance in trade.**
 * Muslims and Christian were important to the Ottomans trade.
 * __Constantinople became the commercial center dealing in products from Asia, Africa, and Europe.__
 * Harbors and the Golden hold were crowed with merchant ships fro ports throughout the region.
 * Constantinople's great bazaars were filled with merchants and travelers.
 * __The Ottoman regime closely regulated commercial exchange and handicrafts production.__
 * Government inspectors were employed to ensure standards in weights and measures were used and to licenses new shops.
 * The government also regulated entry of apprentices artisans into trade and monitored the quality of goods produced.
 * __The Muslims lost their dominance in over Indian trade__ when the Portuguese naval were victorious.
 * It caused a lost of commercial revenue worsen by inflation stimulated by the the importance of tNew World bullion.
 * S: Main Idea: Classes were developed. When the empire declined, civil conflicts increased.**
 * __** The imperial armies were increasing dominated by Janissaries**, infantry divisions from the 15th century.__
 * ** Janissaries were increasingly vital to Ottoman success in the warfare with Christian and Muslim adversaries. This lead to the steady decline of the role for aristocratic cavalry. **
 * ** The Ottoman recruiters were the opportunity for advancement that came with the service of the Ottoman sultans. **The Ottoman ruled a mix of Muslims and Christians.
 * __The Turkic cavalry gradually developed into a warrior aristocracy.__
 * The sultans lost contact with their subjects.
 * __Urban inhabitants were often belonging to the merchant and artisan class__.
 * __Oppressed peasants and labors became to rebel and flee the lands. Civil conflicts increasing.__
 * P**: **Main Idea: The Ottomans possessed great political power with a large bureaucracy. The bureaucracy became corrupt when the empire declined.**
 * Ottoman rulers played off competing faction with their states to survive.
 * 5th century onwards, the warrior class also vied with religious leaders and administrators from other social groups from control of the expanding Ottoman bureaucracy.
 * __Ruler with absolute monarch and drew revenues from taxation of agrarian populations.__
 * Warrior aristocracy had control over land and peasant producers in annexed areas.
 * They built regional and local bases of support, having shrinking central power.
 * ** Some went into service in the palace or bureaucracy, most became Janissaries. **The Janissaries military service translated to political influence. By the mid 16th century, Janissaries became intervened in dynastic succession disputes.
 * __A large bureaucracy lead by a **vizier** had great power on the state.__
 * Early rulers and their sons would participate in administrations.
 * The empire weaken from vague principles of imperial succession lead to conflicts/dislikes. Military efficiency deteriorated.
 * __The bureaucracy became corrupt__, regional officials using revenues for themselves. There was problems at the center of the state
 * Sultans and their sons were confined to the palace, becoming weak and indolent rulers managed by court factions.
 * Some sultans tried to counter the empire's decline in the 17th century.
 * I**: **Main Idea: They built their empire with military conquest that as an effective use of firearms.**
 * __In the 13th and 14th century, the Ottomans built an empire in the eastern Mediterranean, rivaling and height the Abbasid imperium.__
 * When the Seljuk Turkic kingdom collapsed in Anatolia and were invaded by the Mongols in 1243, it opened the way for the ottoman ti seize power. The Turkic people like the Ottomans went into the chaotic lands of Anatolia they searched for easy booty and flooded to the region in the last decades of the 13th century.
 * The Ottomans were their leader, Osman came to dominate the rest of Anatolia and began to built a new empire within decades.
 * By the 1350s, they were able to advance to their strongholds in Asia Minor across to Bosporus strait into Europe. They conquered large portions of the Balkans.
 * By the mid-14th century, the Ottomans bypassed the conquering of Constantinople and conquered it in the 15th century with such great leaders like **Mehmed II**.
 * The Empire spread to Balkans into Hungry in Europe and around the Black and Red seas.
 * After the 2 centuries of conquering Constantinople, the Ottoman rulers were able to extend there empire into Syria and Egypt and across north Africa.
 * The Ottoman armies drove the Venetians and Genoese from much of eastern Mediterranean Sea.They invaded into southern Italy.
 * In 1683 the Ottomans laid assault to the Austrian Hapsburg Dynasty.
 * __The Ottomans remained a major force in European politics until the late 19th century.__ __The empire was vigorous until the late 17th century.__
 * The Ottoman Empire began to decline after the empire stopped conquering lands. There was internal conflicts.
 * __Outside challengers and invaders further weaken the already weaken internal Ottoman Empire__.
 * Military reforms were blocked by the conservative Janissaries, allowing the state to lose ground to European rivals.
 * Turkish control was ended at eastern Mediterranean when the Spanish-Venetian were victorious at Lepanto in 1571.
 * R**: **Main Idea: The ottomans were muslim and built mosque**
 * The Ottoman during these times were Muslims.
 * "People of the book", Christians and Jewish were satisfied by the sounds of administration of their Muslim rulers.
 * More mosque were built in Constantinople.
 * I**: **Main Idea: Ottoman was influenced from the ideas and institutions of early Muslim civilizations, in warfare, architecture, and engineering.**
 * __They carried the Islamic civilization to a new level of attainment__.
 * The Ottomans produced an artistic and cultural renaissance within Islam.
 * ** Conquered boys through slaves, were given the opportunity to go to school and be converted into Islam. **
 * Coffeehouses were places where poets and scholars could read their latest work,merits each other's work and debate politics.
 * The Turkish language became the preferred language for literature and government.
 * The Ottoman had a significant artistic legacy in poetry, ceramics, carpet manufacturing, and architecture.
 * Western-inspired innovations were blocked from the intense conservatism of the Janissaries and religious leaders.
 * T**: **Main Idea: Constantinople was restored, artisans formed guilds, and imperial navy were formed.**
 * __** The distinctive cultures under the Ottoman rule was combined at the imperial capital, Constantinople. **__
 * ** The city was restored after 1453 and the church of St. Sophia became one of Islam's grandest mosque. **
 * Sultans like Suleyman the Magnificent built the Suleymaniye mosque in the 16th century in attempts to glorify the city.
 * Sultans also built mansions, rest house, religious schools, and hospitals. There was also private and public gardens.
 * __Artisans were organized into guilds__. Guilt officers set craft standards, provided finical assistance, and arranged festivals.
 * The Ottomans formed a powerful naval power in the Mediterranean Sea to conquer major island bases in Rhodes, Crete, and Cyprus.
 * Technology weaken in imperial navy. The Portuguese mariners surpassed the Muslim world' by sailing around Africa into the Indian Ocean.


 * ESPIRIT on Mughals**
 * E: Main Idea: The Mungals were a great commercial and manufacturing empire.**
 * In the late 17th century, the Mughals ruled a major commercial and manufacturing empire, a major destination for European traders.
 * They brought products from throughout Asia and little from Europe itself to exchange with Indian manufactures.
 * The trade was in demand for Indian ctton cloth and clothing.
 * S: Main Idea: Warrior aristocracy was similar to feudalism. Akbar attempted to improve the lives of his subjects and position for women, but failed. Later in the empire, the position of women declined.**
 * __Hindu and Muslim warrior aristocracy like feudalism were granted land and labor for their loyalty.__
 * These aristocrats were granted peasant villages for their supporters.
 * The central bureaucracy was supported by the revenues from the tributes of the military retainers and land taxes.
 * __In hopes to benefit his subjects, Akbar attempted to introduce social changes to his subjects.__
 * He improved the calendar, to establish a living quarter for the large population of beggars and vagabonds in large cities.
 * He also regulated the consumption of alcohol. This didn't work and his own son drank 20 cups of wine per day.
 * __He tried to improve the position of women__. He encouraged widow remarriage and discouraged child marriages.
 * Akbar allowed sati. the burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husband's funeral pyres.
 * He attempted to terminate sati, he broke seclusion through creating a special market days for women.
 * __Many of his reforms including the new religion was not successful. Most of the population lived in poverty.__
 * __The positions of women in other societies besides the courts declined.__
 * Child marriage became more popular, widow remarriages died out.
 * Sati spread among upper classes. With the lack of opportunities for a productive role ans the burden of a dowry the birth of a girl was unwanted.
 * P: Main Idea: Rulers like Babur, Humayan, Akbar ruled with outstanding military and administrative skills. Women in courts were given chances to have authority. Aurangzeb was not able to restore the empire.**
 * After Babur there was Humayan. **Akbar**, Humayan's 13 year-old son succeeded into throne and the faced the immediate pressure of Mughul enemies.
 * Akbar and his advisors defeated them. __He was a ruler of outstanding military and administrative talent__.
 * __Akbar advanced the policy of reconciliation with his Hindu subjects__: he encouraged intermarriages, abolished head taxes, and respected Hindu religious customs.
 * __Local notables that were Hindu were left in place if taxes were paid with the shortage of administrators.__
 * It left control and welfare of a village's population to be in the hands of military retainers of the dynasty and local power brokers.
 * __Akbar left a powerful empire at his death in 1605__.
 * Rulers Jahangir and Shah Jahan continued most elements of Akbar's administration like his policies of tolerance towards Hindus in the 17th century. They preferred the good life over military adventures.
 * __The wives of Jahangir and Shah Jahan women influence since their husbands left the details of daily administration to subordinates__.
 * **Nur Jahn**, Jahangir's wife dominated the empire through her faction for a time. **Mumtaz Mahal**, wife of Shah Jahn also amassed power.
 * __Shah Jahan's successor, **Aurangzeb** was not able to reverse the process of the declining empire__.
 * He had two terrible ambitions: to control all of India and to rid Islam of Hindu influences.
 * He conquered most of India by 1707, but warfare drained the treasury and weaken the bureaucracy and military. He put to much of a focus and energy on warfare.
 * Other problems he did not deal it is internal revolt and growing autonomy of local leaders.
 * Head tax was restored and by the end of Aurangzeb's regime, it was plagued with internal disruption.
 * I: Main Idea: In the early Mughal empire the rulers readily conquered lands, but after Akbar there was not much of conquering lands. Foreign empires started to strike the Mughals.**
 * __Turkic invaders under the control of **Babur**, invaded India in 1526, after being driven out from Afghanistan__. They sought fur booty not to conquer. These Turks only remained in India when they were prevented from returning northward.
 * __Babur forces used similar military tactics and technology to the Ottomans__: In 1526 the Mughals crushed the Muslim Lodi dynasty at Panipat in 1536 and defeated the Hindu confederation at Khanua.
 * Babur conquered much of the Indus and Ganges plains within two years.
 * The first Mughal ruler, Babur was a talented warrior that possessed a taste for art and music. He was a poor administrator.
 * In 1530 Babur died and his son, **Humayan** inherited the newly founded kingdom and was a good soldier.
 * It also brought invasion from surrounding enemies, making Humayan fled to Persia.
 * He gained a foothold at Kabul in 1545. He led successful return invasions into India, in hopes to restore control to the north by 1556. He shortly died afterwards when he fell and stumbled.
 * Akbar's armies combined the Mughal conquest in the northern and central India.
 * __Not much new territory was added by his successors__, but the regime reached its splendor peak.
 * __Foreign empire strikes the Mughals__. Imperial resources were strained by the **Maratttas** of Western India and the **Sikhs** in the northwest.
 * R: Main Idea: The Mughals promoted Hindu. Akbar unsuccessful tried to bind Islam and Hinduism.**
 * Hindus were of high ranks in Akbar administration. He wanted to unify his subjects, so he created a new faith by incorporating Muslim and Hindu beliefs called **Din-i-Hahi**.
 * __He promoted Hindu__, respecting cows and ended the long ban on the building of new temples.
 * __The religious policies of Auranangzeb increased internal weaknesses.__ Hindus were kept at the highest posts and measures against Hinduism was commenced.
 * I: Main Idea: During this time India produced great art but had low sciences and inventions.**
 * Indian invention and sciences had no comparison to its European counterpart.
 * __Jagangir and Shah Jahan were great patrons of fine arts in human history__.
 * They expanded painting workshops so thousands of exquisite miniature paintings were produced.
 * They both devoted massive resources to building stunning architectural works like the **Taj Mahal**, Red fort, Akbar's tomb, and tomb of Itimad al-Dowleh.
 * __Mughal architecture blended both Persian and Hindu traditions__, fusing Islam genius of domes, arches, and minarests wit the Hindus love of ornament.
 * T: Main Idea: Cotton textiles was the major technological advancement.**
 * Indian cotton textiles became world famous and gained a large market in Europe, suggested by Aurangzeb.
 * Indian artisans techniques of weaving and dyeing cotton cloth.




 * ESPIRIT on Safavids**
 * E: Main Idea: The Safavis Empire had a growing international trade and handicraft production.**
 * __Abbas I wanted to make his empire a major center of international trade__.
 * Iranian merchants were encouraged to trade with other Muslims, Indians, Chinese, and Europeans.
 * __The Safavid Empire encouraged the growth of trade and handicraft production.__
 * There was a growth production of imperial workshops and many artisan were employed for public works.
 * International trade was encouraged with policies, but market orientation was not as sophisticated as the Ottomans.
 * S: Main Idea: The Safavid had janissaries like armies, they had a warrior aristocracies, and women were at a disadvantage.**
 * __Young slaves were captured and recruited into the army and bureaucracy.__
 * It was important during Abbas I's reign, becoming his backbone of his army and holding high civil posts.
 * They took over firearm use and received training from European advisors.
 * __Warrior aristocracies began to share power with the monarch__.
 * The warriors began to go to rural estates from a rulers' court, they became to exploit the peasantry.
 * The most power warriors were in key ports at the imperial administration.
 * The land went quickly to rebellion when the central power weakened.
 * __Women had social disadvantages in Islamic regime.__
 * In the early nomadic society, independence was lost.
 * Women were subordinate to men like husbands and fathers and had few outlets to advance especially among the elites.
 * P: Main Idea: They restored Persia to be a major center of political power. With a weak succession the dynasty started to decline.**
 * __In 1534, Tasmaph I became shah, restoring dynastic power.__
 * The empire reached its peak under tyhe control of Abbas I, these rulers brought Turkic warriors under control and were assigned villages and peasant labor for support.
 * Some leaders gained an important state post and were a constant threaten to shahs.
 * The warrior was a constant threat and as a counterbalance, Persians were recruited in the imperial bureaucracy.
 * __**Abbas I** feared plots and removed all suitable heirs. With the succession of weaker rulers, grandsons, it began to show dynastic decline.__
 * I: Main Idea: The Safavids conquered Iran and most of Persia, founding their dynasty.**
 * __In the years of the 16th century, the Safavids conquered Iran and founded a dynasty__. The Safavids arose from the struggles of Rival Turkic groups after Mongol invasions.
 * In **Sail al-Din**, they fought to purify and spread Islam among Turkic peoples in the 14th century. (Safavids became known as **Red Heads**.)
 * After three unsuccessful Safavid leaders perished, the Sufi commander **Isma'il**, seized Tabiz with his followers and proclaimed shah, emperor in 1501. It Ali successors called **imams**.
 * There were bitter hostility and violent conflicts between the Sunni ottomans and the Shi'a Safavid.
 * __Isma'il conquered most of Persia (driving out the Ozbegs), fighting with the Ottomans.__ They were defeated by the Ottomans in 1514 with the **Battle of Chaldiran**, this blocking further western advancement of Shi'ism.
 * The state was overtaken by internal strife and foreign invasions. Isfahan fell to Afghani invaders in 1772.
 * __**Nadir Khan Afshar** emerged in the turmoil as shah in 1736, but was unable to restore imperial authority.__
 * R: Main Idea: They established one of the most strongest and enduring centers of Shi'ism within the Islamic world.**
 * Original Safavids came from a family of Sufi preachers and mystics. They wanted to concrete their power in Persia.
 * Shi'a ideology modified as Safavids drew Persian religious scholars into the bureaucracy.
 * **Mullahs** were both local mosque official and prayer leaders.
 * __Religious preachers were supported by the state and religious officials supervised the teachings in mosque schools.__
 * __Shi'a Islam became a major part of Iranian identity has the population gradually converted to it.__
 * __Religious leaders became more independent and continued to serve its rulers after the dynasty declined.__
 * __The Safavid empire conquered southern Russia, they educated and converted the Russians. Many people were pressured into the convertion of Shi'a Islam__
 * I: Main Idea: Persia also became cultural creativity with the Safavids.**
 * They originally wrote in Turkish but espeically after the war of Chaldiran, they spoke Persian and it was the state language.
 * The Safavids also adopted elaborate Persian traditions of court etiquette.
 * T: Main Idea: The Safavid emphasized artillery, textiles, and mosques.**
 * Artillery was importance with muskets, cavalry, and field cannon for a major fact of world power.
 * They produced silk textiles and carpet. Internal transport conditions were improving.
 * Abbas devoted time to building projects like mosques in the capital city of **Isafahan**.