The+Americas

Aztecs ESPIRIT
 * E || * ** __Main Idea: Aztecs had a state-controlled mixed economy with tribute, markets, commodities use, distribution__ **
 * The population of the Aztec confederation, mainly Tenochtitlan was agriculture dependent
 * __They had a long-distance trade controlled by **pochteca**__, they controlled Tlatelolco's great markets.
 * Tropical birds' plumes and cacao beans were luxury items traded
 * Markets were highly regulated and in control by inspectors and special judges.
 * Communities had periodic markets of 5 to 13 days in which goods were exchanged.
 * Cacao beans and gold dust was sometimes used as currency
 * __ States controlled many commodities use and distribution.__
 * __They also controlled redistribution vast amounts of tributes from subordinate people.__ (Tributes like food, slaves,and sacrificial victims)
 * The Aztecs were expanding territory from seven original **calpulli**/ clans of organizated form with imperial position. They were residing groups.
 * Maized based economy
 * The Aztec Empire had around 20 million people[[image:http://www.reformation.org/aztec-empire-map.jpg caption="The large region the Aztec ruled "]] ||


 * S || * __**Main Idea: The Aztecs had a divided social life with different classes and calpullis. The military was highly prized. Similar to many previous civilization, women were had limited roles in a patriarchy society.**__
 * Under the process of expansion and conquest, the Aztecs transformed an association of clans to a stratified society authorized by a powerful ruler.
 * Tenochtitlans, the capital was a sacred space and a great metropolis. It was the central zone of palaces and temples surrounded by residential districts and markets.
 * __Social classes/ hierarchical__ in dividing land, where in each communities, clans would apportion land among people, noble, and temples. The redistribution of tributes, rewards its nobility richly and poor far less.
 * Commoners could potentially be promoted but most nobles were born in the classes.
 * __Local life was based on calpullis__, preformed important functions (distributing land to heads of households, organized labor gangs and wartime military unity, and maintaining temples and schools.
 * Calpullis were governed by councils of family heads but not all families were equal.
 * Calpullis expanded the rule of empires.
 * Prominent families in calpullis dominated leadership roles and formed local nobility by military and administrative nobility.
 * Nobility controlled priesthood and military leadership.
 * __The social gulf between nobles and commoners widened and nobility and old calpulli__.
 * Pipltins wore special clothes and symbols of rank. (Imperial family)
 * Nobility broke free from calpulli and acquired private lands
 * __Military was organized by various ranks based of experience and was highly ritualized.__
 * Banners, cloaks, and other insignia marked off military rank.
 * Each groups had distinct uniforms and fought together as units.
 * Military virtues were linked to the cult of sacrifice for the highest eternity reward
 * “Serfs” served the nobility’s private lands they did not control land and worked at others people will, but were above slaves.
 * Scribes, artisans, and healers were an intermediate social group.
 * Long-distance merchants were their own calpulli, but restrictions.
 * __Women still unequal in a patriarchy society, primary worked in households with limited social development__
 * Marriages were arranged of lineages.
 * Cooked, weaved, child-rearing, teaching passed to future generation
 * Polygamy in nobility and monogamy in peasants
 * Women inherited and passed property.
 * Socially and politically were subordinated. ||
 * P || * __**Main Idea: Aztec political life often changed. City-states were governed by councils of nobilitay.**__
 * In 1325 they founded **Tecnochtitlan** cities on Lake Island, by 1434; __the Aztecs were dominating regional power__.
 * Military classes were suppliers of sacrifices with war captives. Rulers used political terror very effectively.
 * **Montezuma II** dominated state with civil and religious power.[[image:http://www.portalestoria.net/IMAGES%2060/moctezuma.jpg width="170" height="234" align="right" caption="Great leader Montezuma II"]]
 * Calpulli distributed land and labor and maintaining temples and schools.
 * __ Aztec expansion changed socially and politically. __
 * There was an absolute ruler
 * Military virtues were elevated to supreme position
 * Local rulers often stayed as tribute collectors.
 * __ They were governed by councils of unequal family heads. A class of nobilities emerged, becoming the most distinguished calpuli. They controlled the military and priesthood. __
 * Each city-state was ruled by a speaker, the Emperor. They were treated like a living god
 * He was elected by his royal family/ siblings
 * The prime minster held tremendous power but usually a close relative to the ruler.
 * There was a governing council and other alliance cities' ruler s had a say in government.
 * I || * __**Main Idea: Aztecs often conquered territory.**__
 * After the fall of the **Toltec** Empire in 1150, __the Aztecs also known as the Mexica migrated to central__ __Mexico____’s valley in the early 14th century__.
 * Conquered people would lose land and give food as a tribute.
 * __The empire collapsed when there was social stress created by the pipltin rise and terror and tribute imposed on subjects__
 * They spoke nahuatal, spoken by the Toltecs ||
 * R || * __** Main Idea: Aztecs were very religious with many gods and ideas of beliefs and spirituality. Practices like human sacrifice was widely done. **__
 * __It religious practiced of human sacrifice that expanded in cults.__
 * Human heart and blood was seen as "precious water"
 * They offered many objects.
 * __Aztecs incorporated many features of Mesoamerican belief system.__
 * It was vast, uniting and sometimes oppressive force.
 * There was little distinction with worlds of gods and natural order.
 * Rain, fire, water, corn, the sky, and the sun gods worshiped.
 * Each god had five aspects associated with cardinal directions and center
 * Certain gods were patrons of specific cities, ethnic groups or occupations.
 * A basic duality in all things, there were 128 major deities.
 * __There were three major divisions__:
 * the gods of fertility with agricultural cycle, maize, and water. **Tlaloc**, god of rain
 * The gods Tonatiuth sun warrior god and Tescatlipoca night sky god were among the most powerful. They were creator deities the second group.
 * The gods of warfare and sacrifice like **Huitziloponchtli** were the final group.
 * Human sacrifice was expanded to unprecedented scale. It was symbolism and ritual like cannibalism with sacrifices.
 * The great temple of Tenochtitlan was dedicated to Huitzilopitchli and Tlaloc.
 * All aspects of life were infused religious symbolism.
 * __Aztecs religion was polytheism, but also had a sense of spiritual unity.__
 * **Nezhualcoyotl**, Texcoco king embraced it and wrote poetry about life after death and the existence of gods. ||
 * I || **__Main Idea: The Aztecs intellectual were mainly based around religion and some with art__**
 * The Aztecs spoke Naltuatl
 * Aztecs believed that the world has been destroying before in their cyclical, fatalistic view of history.
 * Aztecs had a complex mythology that explains the birth and history of gods and their relations to humans
 * Mesoamerican calendars systems were created for many ceremonies to coincide with particular points.
 * Where influenced by early empires mainly the Toltecs like art.
 * Religious art and poetry were filled with images of flowers, birds. ||
 * T || * __**Main Idea: Technology was both beneficial in agriculture but showed limited development**__
 * __There were many traditional agricultures forms and innovations__.
 * They developed a system of irrigating agriculture.
 * Built **chinampas**, artificial floating islands, of beds of aquatic weeds,
 * mud, and earth in frames of cane and rooted to a lake floor from 17 feet long to 100 to 330 feet wide. It permitting the harvest of high- yield multiple yearly crops by allowing water to reach all plants.
 * [[image:http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/chinampa.gif width="209" height="148" align="right" caption="Chinampas"]]
 * Aztec peasants supplied the basic foods through production and tribute.
 * __ Technology of the Americas limited social development __
 * Stone boards, metates was used to grind corn. ||
 * Stone boards, metates was used to grind corn. ||

Summary: After the fall of the Toltecs Empire, the Aztecs migrate to this region of central Mexico valley The Aztecs economy was a state-controlled economy.The Aztecs had long- distance trade controlled by pochtecas. The Aztecs had dominance in regional power. The capital, Tenochtitlans became a central of the civilizations, it was a sacred place and great metropolis. The Aztecs had a type of hierarchy with the top being imperial family and the bottom being slaves. There was a class for long-distance traders, peasants/serfs, and artisan, scribes, and healers made up an intermediate one. Local life was based on calpullis/ clans.There was limited social development especially in women. They were subordinate to men and primarily worked in the household. The military was often highly valued. there was a social gulf between social classes. The Aztecs widely religiously practiced human sacrificed were war captives were those sacrificed. The people would join cults. It was at unprecedented scale, since it seen as symbolic and the only way to please there gods. They incorporated Mesoamerican belief system with three major divisions in gods. Aztecs also embraced a sense of spiritual unity. They created agriculture forms and innovations to feed the Aztec confederation. Technology also showed the limited social development of the Americas/ Aztecs.Mesoamerican calenders where created by Aztecs for ceremonies to coincide with different points. There were not many intellectual advances. Calipullis, councils from head of family govern regions. The empire fell after social stresses.

Incas ESPIRIT

Summary: The Incas fought supremacy Quecha- speaking rival tribes.They were self-reliant and had state management, so they did not have much trade. Women were regularly of lower class then men, through in Andrean people there were of parallel decent. Men were seen dominant over women for the fact that men had military skills. There were social classes between merchants, peasants, and nobilty. The Incas believed that god was the virtual leader, they followed bureaucracy. The bureaucracy was if most nobility, this implies that most people stayed in their social/ born into their social class. The Empire was divided into four regions, each of region being ruled by a governor. Many leaders sought out expansion using split inheritance. The Incas had political marriages to unite nations together. It created justification for endless expansion.They saw the sun as the highest deipty in religion. They had holy shrines where people who prayer and sacrifice under ayllus authority. They were influenced by early civilizations but did not flourish in intellectual advancements. They flourished in statecrafts and architecture. The Incas created great stone buildings, agricultural terraces, irrigation projects, and roads system.
 * E || * The Incas, consisted of a large population of 9 to 13 million people.
 * __The Incas emphasized a self-sufficiency ad state management government__
 * The state was strong until it lost its peoples and government mechanisms
 * They did not have much trade
 * [[image:http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/imagevoy/inca2.gif width="210" height="238" caption="Map of Inca Empire"]] ||
 * S || * Incas were of different ethnic background and languages.
 * Incas incorporated many aspects of previous Andean culture.
 * Local resources were divided up for the people, state, and church.
 * __Women were of low status__, served as temple servants or concubines for Inca. They would take care of the household.
 * Ayllus would control each community in the hopes that it is self-sufficient.
 * Peasants and herders were most men
 * __Andean people were recognized as parallel descent, property would pass both lines.__
 * Idea of sex complementarily was strong men were dominant since they emphasized on military virtue.
 * Cosmology reflected Gender Corporation, with the moon.
 * __There were social classes__: Men’s power showed selection for state and temple purposes.
 * Inca nobility had special privileges and were distinguished by dress and custom
 * There was no distinct merchant class. ||
 * P || * In expansion, a political ruler would use “spilt inheritance”. Their power would go their successor and all the wealth and land passed to male descendants for eternal support of the dead ruler’s mummy’s cult.
 * It created justification for endless expansion.
 * __God was consider ruler of the empire__
 * __ It was divided into four provinces with a governor for each. __
 * __ Incas had bureaucracy mostly of nobility. __
 * Local rulers, Curacas would continue to serve in return for loyalty and were exempted from tribute and was given labor or produce from their subjects.
 * Integrated imperial policy with regional diversity, as reciprocity.
 * Royal multiple marriages forged alliances, eventually created rival claimants for power and civil war. ||
 * I || * **__ Main Idea: There was war between rival groups for these lands, the Incas won. The Incas further extended there territory. __**
 * After the states of Tihuanaco and Huari and Chimor, the Uncas developed a new civilization after 13th century in the Andes region. S everal smaller regional states continued to exercise some power, they continued to be important of agricultural activity and population density.
 * There was a war period of rival local chiefdoms and small states/ __New of Incas groups fought for supremacy__: Many Quechua-speaking clans around Cuzco won control over Huari.
 * In 1438, Incas, Parchacuti begins to campaign and controlled Cuzco and the shores of lake Titicaca.
 * His son Topac Yuanqui (1471- 1493) conquered Chimor __extending the Inca Empire__ to Ecuador and the Chilean's Maule river.
 * Huayna Capac conquered and suppress rebellions on the frontier, the Inca Empire was called **Twantinsuyu** Colombia to Chile and eastwards across Lake Titicaca and Bolivia to northern Argentina.
 * The conquered people provided the land and labor. They served also served in the military to get reward for new conquest. ||
 * R || * The religious meaning is influential to Political and social life
 * __The highest deity was the sun. The Inca ruler was on earth as god’s representation.__ [[image:http://www.about-peru-history.com/image-files/inca_gods.jpg width="220" height="154" caption="The sun was the highest deity"]]
 * State religious centers like the Temple of the Sun at Cuzco existed
 * Local gods were still worshiped but the sun cult spread throughout the Empire
 * Natural phenomenal endowed animism with spiritual power based popular belief.
 * Holy Shrines, huancas were offered for prayers and sacrifices under ayllus authority were grouped. These temples were served by women and priests. ||
 * I || __They were influenced and did not created intellectual advancements__
 * Where influenced from early civilizations, the Chimors
 * Men were educated in Cuzco.
 * The Quechua language was used for colonists, mitmaqs, and important techniques for integrating the empire in forceful transfers of people
 * Complex systems of roads, bridges, and causeways with way stations, tambos, and storehouse was for military movement ||
 * T || * They produced beautiful pottery and cloth.
 * They one of the most advanced in the making of their metallurgy.
 * They used knotted strings for accounts and enumeration, since they lacked wheel and a writing system.
 * __They peaked in statecraft and architecture__
 * They built some great stone buildings, agricultural terraces, irrigation projects, and road system.
 * The state would organize building and irrigation project. ||