Rise+of+the+Russia

· Russian towns profited from Mongolian tribute collector especially the town of Moscow after 1428. They increased trade links. · The Mongol overlord treated Russian commoner serf-like with labor and crops taken. · Russian princes had to pay tribute by the Golden Horde Khan vassals. · They helped Russian Princes to be centralized control and reduce limitations of landed nobility, clergy, and wealthy merchants. · Russian landlords adopted Mongolian style of dressing and social habits. · The Mongols reduced the vigor of Russian cultural life. It lowered the literacy levels in priesthood. · They first made Russian economical life deteriorate, limited in manufacturing and trade down. It became pure, It agricultural economy dependent on peasant labor. Russian was military based to try to break off of Mongols Finiance systems were established, was not effected by the Renaissance.
 * Ottoman 1. Describe the effects of Mongol occupation on Russian civilization **

· Ivan III (the great) organized a strong army based government that allowed Russia to be freed after 1462 the Mongols and the Rurik dynasty after 1462. They gained vast territories from the border of the Polish Lithuanian kingdoms to the Ural Mountains. It is said to be similar to the Roman expansion of new states of the “civilized world”. He married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor and asserted control over Orthodox churches. · Ivan IV (the terrible) he continued the policy of Russian expansion. · Territorial was focused especially in central Asia to push the former Mongol overlords. · Tsars advantaged and pushed southwards to Caspian Sea. · In the 16th century, also conquered it western Siberia and beginning the gradually take over and settle the vast plains. Received peasants, the Cossacks set up a regular government. Tsar were given states, slaves were introduced and manufacturing. What happen. Trade with Britian.
 * 2. Trace Russian expansion under the Ivans. **

__**Peter I Leadership Analysis Chart **__

The Russians were readily expanding through the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains. Ivan (III and IV) was in change. Cossacks, peasant’s advantages would occupy new lands. Government provided grants to loyal nobles and bureaucrat for territories. Russia increased agricultural regions and labor sources. In 18th century, slavery existed. Trading connections existed with Asian neighbors. Tsars had policies of careful management contract in the West. There were connections with British Merchants. After the death if Ivan boyars tried to control the government in 1613 the Time of Troubles. Michael Romanov was chosen to be tsar. Hr increases his authority, abolished noble assemblies, restored internal order, drove away foreign invaders and recommenced imperial expansion. Alexis was his successor, he eager Orthodox traditional states (Change the church). Mongol weakened the rule and made it into an agriculture. Expanded into new docs and migrated. White Sea was the only one available and were afraid of foreign goods. || He was a vigorous leader of ruthless energy and exceptional intelligence. He was eager to fully move the Russian country into Western diplomatic and cultural orbit without being fully Western. He was an autocrat that put down revolts against his rule with great cruelties. He was not interested in parliamentary features of Western centers like Holland. He wanted to increase education in mathematics and technical subjects. Wanted to be western circle. Be respectable. Promotion of serfdom. || Peter increased the power of the state through the recruitment of bureaucrats from outside the aristocracy. (Merit over connections) / He set up secret police to prevent dissent and to supervise bureaucracy. He attacked the Ottoman Empire and won no great victories and warred with Sweden. They won territory on Sweden. Allowing it to window on the Baltic Sea for diplomatic and military affairs, The capital moved towards the Baltic Sea. ST. Petersburg Closer to the west. He had cultural reforms to bring western patterns to change old customs. / Increased manufactoring in trading ports. Bought art back to Russia. Made a step to equalize women and men. || Unlike for being ruthless and at times executed ringleaders against his rulings. Western military organization to put down local militias. During his reign he eliminated the council of nobles and was replaced by advisors. The center appointed provincial governors and the royal authority appointed town councils. Peasants were burden with systematic law codes and reform with a tax system. Landlords using serfs in manufacturing operation were rewarded. (Serfdom) Classes were resistant to these changes towards westernization. || **Long-Term Effects**: The scores of Western artisans into Russia. Gained an interest in Western science and technology Peter established a well foreign policy Bureaucracy and military were reorganized into Western style. A Russian navy army. Changes lead the military to not be needed. Economically, the expansion industries of mining and metallurgy. Nobles shaved beards and dressed more western. (His in charge and more western) Upper class women’s lives improved Economy different from Western dependent on the west. ||
 * **Name of Leader**: Peter Romanvo ||
 * **Lifespan**: 1672 to 1725 || **Title**: Peter I (the Great) ||
 * **Country/region**: Russia || **Years in Power**: 1689 to 1725 ||
 * ** Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power **
 * **Ideology, Motivation, Goals**:
 * ** Significant Actions & events During Term of Power **
 * **Short-Term Effects**:

Russia vs. West Both military superiority Land Vs. Sea based ( no navy) Limited demographic impact to west Limited economic dominance. State controlled expansion vs primarily private ventures. Coercive labor systems some work expanded.

__** Leader Analysis Sheet of Catherine the Great **__ **__ Leader Analysis Sheet of Catherine the Great __**

There were several decades of weak rule after the death of Peter the Great in 1724. /Several ineffective emperors and empresses which was selected by the guides of powerful plays from army officers. /In these years there was new grumbling about undue westernization and new initiatives by church officials that wanted to gain more freedom to maneuver. There were no major new policy directions. /With several clashes with the Ottoman Empire and explorations and settlements in Siberia, Russia continued to expand. /In 1761, Peter III nephew took control and was retarded so his wife Catherine took over. /Peter III nephew was murdered possibly by the consent of Catherine. || __ She wanted to resume the interests of Peter the Great in several respects. __ She defended the central monarchs’ power and put down a vigorous peasant uprising with Emelian Pugachev rebellion. /She is of Orthodox faith after the marriage of the Russian. She combined genuine Enlightenment interests with her need to consolidate power as a true Russian ruler. She had complex policies. /She was a selective westernizer with the "Instruction of 1767." / She was a centralizer and advocated a strong tsarist hands. She also tried to avoid cultural influences from the west. / She continued to have tradition Russian Expansion ideas with energy and success. / Wanted to control the peasant class, Enlightenment ideas to gain power || Catherine used the **Pugachev rebellion** to excuse the central government's powers in regional affairs. /She imported several French philosophers for visits and patronizing of the arts and sciences. / She discussed new law codes and other Western-style measures. By summoning various reforms. (Reducing traditional severe punishments) /She gave nobility new powers over serfs, maintaining a trade-off. Nobles served as bureaucrats and officers in a strong central government. (Service nobilty: land there own were the governments.) /Catherine increasingly used harsh punishments nobles could decree for their serfs. /She continued to build /St Petersburg with classical styles. /After the French Revolution she banned foreign and dominant political writings. /She campaigned against the Ottoman Empire, central Asia like Crimea. She further encouraged exploration to territories of Alaska, moving down the pacific coast of North America. She played powers in the politics of Prussia and Austria. She interfered with Polish affairs. Russia won the agreement with Austria and Prussia for the **partition of Poland**. Three times in 1772, 1793, and 1795 Poland lost its independence. || Nobles were also accepted by their ranks newly ennobled officials chosen by the tsars. Most local peasants were wielded by noble landlords except for government-run estates. Landlords could requisition peasant labor, levy taxes in money and goods and impose punishment for crimes. Local justice was administered by dominated courts. || **Long-Term Effects**: Russian gain more land and allies. (Extended control) Russian became increasing ascendant Russia won its independence and became a strong central constructed state. A balance between local political and economical interests of powerful nobility. New elements to culture and economy brought from the west. ||
 * **Name of Leader**: Catherine II ||
 * **Lifespan**: May 1729 to November 1796 || **Title**: Catherine the Great ||
 * **Country/region**: Russia || **Years in Power**: July 1762 to November 1796 ||
 * **Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power**:
 * ** Ideology, Motivation, Goals: **
 * **Significant Actions & events During Term of Power**:
 * **Short-Term effects**:

__** Themes of Russia **__


 * Serfdom **
 * __Russian serfdom showed a distinctive social and economic system__ __ . __ Depend on manufactoring
 * Power of the nobility steadily over the serfs increased from the 17th to the 18th century.
 * Once free farmers, after the invasion of the Mongols, the Russian peasants fell into debt and accept submissive status to landowners that they could not repay. "Serfs" had access to land but did own it.
 * The government encouraged this process from the 16th century and on.
 * It was a way for the government to satisfy its nobility and regulate peasants when the government lacked a bureaucracy ruling.
 * Serfdom was extended accordingly to the addition of new territories and sometimes after free farming period.
 * By the 1800, half of the peasantry was enserfed to landlords and much of the other half owned comparable obilgations to the state.
 * In the 17th and 18th century serfs and land were tied together and the legal rights of landlords increased.
 * The system of serfdom was very close to outright slavery, serfs were brought and sold, punished by their master and gambled away.
 * There very unusual cases were people enslaved by its own members, most slaves system were from "outsiders".
 * Nobles in Poland, Hungary, and elsewhere used systems to support political control and distinctive lifestyles.
 * In rural conditions there were similar throughout
 * Eastern Europe's growing economic was subordinate to west with its intensification of estate agriculture and serf labors.
 * Serfs were taxed and policed by their estate landlords in eastern Europe. Russia had whole villages sold for manufacturing labor.
 * Peasants were not literally slaves but village governments regulated aspects of their lives. it relied more on communal ties.
 * Peasants were mostly illiterate and poor, paying high taxes or obligations and owing extensive work to their landlords or the government. (Also of mining and manufacturing) Labor obligations were more steadily increasing.
 * Peasants' economical and legal rights deteriorated. In 1785 there was a law that allowed the landlords to harshly punish ant serfs convicted of major crimes or rebellion.


 * Dependence (Trade and Economic) **
 * Cities were regularly small and 95% of the population remained rural.
 * There was no well defined artisans class since most manufacturing took place in the countryside.
 * The growth of government lead the encouragement of some non-noble bureaucrats and professionals.
 * Small merchant groups existed relying most on the Westerns. The merchant class never emerged as a substantial class.
 * The economical system produced enough revenue to support the expansion interests of its nation.
 * Russia trade furs and other commodities with areas outside central Asia boundaries.
 * The system allowed for significant population growth. (!8th century doubled to 36 million)
 * Parts of the empire burdened with harsh climate had little/ no achievements. The economy advanced overall despite famines and epidemics.
 * The system suffered from limitations. Highly traditional agricultural methods and motivation to improve technology.
 * The increase of production was taken by the state of landlord. Manufacturing was also limited and so forth like the system.


 * Social Unrest **
 * The economical and social systems lead to protest.
 * A small growing number of Western-oriented aristocrats criticized the backwardness of the regime and abolition of serfdom by the end of the 18th century. (government repression)
 * There were recurring peasant rebellions. Peasants only showed resentment to their landlords, they accused of taking there rights. Peasants would destroy manorial records, seize land, and at times kill landlords and their officials in these periodic rebellions.
 * These rebellions occurred onwards from the 17th century, the Pugachev one of the 1770s were particularly strong.
 * Peasants continued to be rebellious even after Catherine triumphed and the nobility was highlighted as a mutual dependence of government.


 * Eastern Europe **
 * Russian history does not include eastern Europe as a whole after the 15th century.
 * Regions west of Russia continued to form a borderland fluctuating between western and eastern European influence.
 * The Ottoman Balkans sparked some new cultural exchange like the Enlightenment by the 18th century from the growing trade.
 * Present day Poland or the Czech and Slovak regions fully operated more with the cultural orbit of the west. (Copernicus and the Scientific revolution)
 * In parts of east central Europe like Hungary western current of the Reformation echoed.
 * Political autonomy was lost by many smaller eastern European nationalities in the early modern era.
 * Hungary freed from the Ottomans became part of the German-dominated Habsburg empire.The Empire took over Czech lands called Bohemia. Prussian territory pushed eastwards into Polish areas.
 * Poland, the large state linked to the west by Roman Catholicism flourished in the 16th century, starting declining.
 * Poland had economical and political setbacks by 1600. Polish aristocrats would elect weak figures for king. Poland lacked a merchant class. Until the 18th century, after the partition of by its more powerful neighbors, Poland's aristocractic parliament vetoed any reform efforts.